Principles of Physiology Final
Exam
Course Introduction
Principles of Physiology provides a foundational understanding of the normal functions of the human body at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels. The course explores mechanisms that maintain homeostasis and examines the physiological processes underlying circulation, respiration, digestion, excretion, neuromuscular activity, and endocrine regulation. Emphasis is placed on the integration and regulation of body systems, with discussions on how disturbance in these physiological processes can lead to disease. Core concepts are reinforced through examples and experimental evidence, preparing students for advanced studies in health and life sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 8th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two major control systems of the body are the ____________________ and the ____________________.
Answer: nervous system, endocrine system
Q2) ____________________ muscle tissue composes the heart.
Answer: CARDIAC
Q3) The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life is the ____________________.
Answer: CELL
Q4) Which of the following is least related to connective tissue?
A)gland
B)bone
C)blood
D)tendon
E)elastin
Answer: A
Q5) The integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems are the only systems involved in regulating body temperature.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consists of organelles and cytosol
Answer: C
Q2) RER is most abundant in cells specialized for steroid production.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Coatomers form around endosomes formed during receptor-mediated endocytosis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What might happen if you took in less than optimum amounts of niacin in your diet?
A)Fewer pyruvate molecules would be produced.
B)Available FAD would increase.
C)The number of hydrogen ions pumped through the ETS in a given amount of time would increase.
D)The number of Krebs cycles occurring in a given amount of time would increase.
E)Any of the above might happen.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dephosphorylation of the Na -K pump causes three Na ions to move out of a cell against a concentration gradient.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) With secondary active transport, the movement of
A)H+ out of a cell by antiport is downhill
B)amino acids into the cell by symport is uphill
C)glucose into a cell by cotransport is downhill
D)H+ is in the same direction as the movement of Na+
E)glucose is in the opposite direction as the movement of Na+
Answer: B
Q3) Which statement about the plasma membrane is true?
A)It appears trilaminar under a light microscope.
B)Its glycocalyx serves as receptor sites for binding chemical messengers in the ECF.
C)It is impermeable to lipid-soluble substances.
D)Some of its carriers transport ions.
E)Its channels are impermeable to any substance smaller than 0.8 nm in diameter.
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Schwann cells stimulate the formation of a(n) ____________________ tube to rebuild damaged neurons.
Q2) Large: 2 to 40 amino acids in length
Q3) ____________________ are chemical messengers that do not cause the formation of EPSPs or IPSPs but rather bring about long-term changes that depress or enhance the action of the synapse.
Q4) a.K concentration in the neuron's cytosol immediately before an action potential
B.K concentration in the neuron's cytosol immediately following an action potential
Q5) Because of the presence of both activation and inactivation gates, voltage-gated Na channels can
A)be closed but capable of opening
B)be activated
C)be closed and not capable of opening
D)exhibit all of the above events
E)exhibit only the a and b events
Q6) During the resting membrane potential, the inside of a neuron has a net ____________________ charge.
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Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ memories are memories of facts that often result after only one experience, whereas ____ memories involve motor skills gained via repetitive training.
A)Declarative; procedural
B)Procedural; declarative
C)Short-term; long-term
D)Long-term; short-term
E)None of the above
Q2) Broca's area is located in the cerebral cortex
A)near the base of the precentral gyrus
B)near the middle of the postcentral gyrus
C)in the parietal lobe
D)between the parietal and occipital lobe
E)posterior to Wernicke's area
Q3) Which of the following is not accomplished by the cerebral cortex?
A)voluntary initiation of movement
B)involuntary control of breathing, circulation, and digestion
C)final sensory perception
D)language ability
E)personality traits
Q4) Chemical messengers released only in response to an action potential
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division
Special Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) An incoming pathway for subconscious information derived from the stomach is called a(n) ____________________ afferent, whereas an incoming pathway for information propagated to the conscious levels of the brain is called a(n) ____________________ afferent.
Q2) Select the incorrect statement about slow pain.
A)It is carried by large, myelinated A-delta fibers.
B)It is poorly localized.
C)It occurs by the stimulation of polymodal nociceptors.
D)It occurs for a longer time than fast pain.
E)It produces a dull, aching, burning sensation.
Q3) During dark adaptation,
A)photopigments are gradually regenerated
B)rhodopsin is rapidly broken down
C)the sensitivity of the photoreceptors is reduced so that the image appears dim
D)the bipolar cells are no longer inhibited
E)only b and c occur
Q4) Corrected by concave lens
Q5) The greatest density of rods is found in the fovea of the macula lutea.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adrenergic receptor found primarily in the heart
Q2) Are responsible for thoughts and other higher mental functions
Q3) Bind primarily with epinephrine
Q4) Some preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers outside of ganglia
Q5) Compare and contrast the various types of autonomic receptors.
Q6) An EPP is similar to an EPSP, except that the magnitude of an EPSP is much larger.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Carry information to the central nervous system
Q8) The axons controlling skeletal muscles are large and myelinated.
A)True
B)False
Q9) Action potentials are transmitted on a one-to-one basis at both a neuromuscular junction and a synapse.
A)True
B)False
Q10) Found on effector cell membranes
Q11) The origin of the somatic nervous system is in the ____________________ horn of the spinal cord. Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Binding of ____ to myosin permits the cross-bridge to ____.
A)ATP; bind with actin
B)ATP; detach from actin
C)calcium; bind with actin
D)calcium; detach from actin
E)None of the above correctly complete the sentence.
Q2) Denervated muscle fibers become progressively smaller and their content of actin and myosin decreases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The lever system at the elbow joint provides a mechanical advantage so that when the biceps muscle contracts to flex the elbow joint and lift an object in the hand, the force developed in the biceps can be considerably less than the actual load that is moved.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A special sensory receptor called a __________ lies within a muscle's tendon and respond to a change in muscle tension.
Q5) Is activated by muscle stretch
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Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An increase in afterload will cause the heart to remain longer in the period of isovolumetric relaxation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) a.Volume of blood pumped out by the left side of the heart
B.Volume of blood pumped out by the right side of the heart
Q3) The direction of impulses through the conduction system of the heart is normally
A)AV node-SA node-bundle of His-Purkinje fibers
B)AV node-bundle of His-SA node--Purkinje fibers
C)bundle of His-AV node-Purkinje fibers-SA node
D)SA node-AV node-bundle of His-Purkinje fibers
E)SA node-bundle of His-Purkinje fibers-AV node
Q4) Oxygenated blood would pass through the mitral valve and pulmonary valves, but would not pass through the tricuspid valve.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The second heart sound is due to closure of the AV valves.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Has the fastest rate of pacemaker activity
Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
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Sample Questions
Q1) In most tissues, glucose, a water-soluble substance, crosses capillary walls through
A)water-filled pores
B)endothelial cells
C)sinusoids
D)a and b
E)a and c
Q2) Which of the following is not a characteristic of capillaries?
A)thin walls
B)short distance between adjacent vessels
C)distensible walls
D)slow blood velocity
E)large total surface area
Q3) Mean arterial pressure is:
A)diastolic pressure + (systolic/3)
B)systolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)
C)diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)
D)pulse pressure - (diastolic pressure/3)
E)pulse pressure + (systolic pressure/3)
Q4) Decreased arteriolar radii ____ the blood flow through arterioles.
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Chapter 11: The Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following lacks DNA?
A)platelets
B)erythrocytes
C)agranular leukocytes
D)Both a and b
E)Both b and c
Q2) Which of the following is not a plasma protein?
A)angiotensinogen
B)anti-Rh antibodies
C)prothrombin
D)fibrin
E)plasminogen
Q3) Pathogens are microorganisms that cause ____________________.
Q4) Hemolysis refers to the inability of swollen erythrocytes to transport O efficiently.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Formation of a platelet plug
Q6) Associated with malaria
Q7) Which number identifies the cell responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
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Chapter 12: Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nonspecific immune responses
A)come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent
B)are triggered by invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
C)are mediated by lymphocytes
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have none of the above characteristics
Q2) The tremendous diversity of antibodies is made possible by genetic recombination coupled with mutations during lymphocyte development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) T cells typically bind with MHC self-antigens only when they are in association with foreign antigen.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Destroy host cells bearing foreign antigen
Q5) Clumping of foreign cells brought about by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes is known as ____________________.
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Chapter 13: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the vital capacity of a person is 4800 ml, while the TV 500 ml and the ERV 900 ml, the IRV is ____________________ ml.
Q2) A local _______ (increase or decrease?) in oxygen partial pressure within pulmonary arterioles causes vasoconstriction within those arterioles.
Q3) When the level of blood flow is not ideally matched with the amount of airflow in a localized area of lung tissue,
A)autoregulatory mechanisms are invoked
B)the autonomic nervous system couples the events more ideally
C)and if airflow is low and blood flow too high, arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs
D)both a and b occur
E)both a and c occur
Q4) _______ (Contraction or Relaxation?) of the diaphragm ______ (increases or decreases?) the volume of the thoracic cavity, which, in turn causes intra-alveolar pressure to increase.
Q5) Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vasopressin secretion
A)induces the kidneys to produce a small volume of concentrated urine
B)is stimulated when the body fluids are hypertonic
C)is inhibited when the arterial blood pressure is dangerously low
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has characteristics b and c
Q2) Which of the following statements about juxtamedullary nephrons is incorrect?
A)Their glomeruli lie in the renal medulla.
B)They are important in the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine.
C)Their loops of Henle dip deep into the medulla.
D)Their peritubular capillaries form vasa recta.
E)They are not the predominant type of nephron found in human kidneys.
Q3) Identify a site where reabsorption does not occur.
A)ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B)proximal tubule
C)descending limb of the loop of Henle
D)renal pelvis
E)collecting duct
Q4) Stimulates K secretion by the distal and collecting tubules
Q5) Decreased vasopressin secretion _____ H O reabsorption.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the number(s) for bicarbonate ions: ____________________.
Q2) Which numbers identify substances that can act directly as bases in the body to increase a fluid's pH? ____________________
Q3) Vasopressin secretion
Q4) The force responsible for movement of H O between the ECF and ICF is differences in ____________________ pressure.
Q5) Respiratory ____________ has a [HCO ]/[CO ] ratio below 20/1 arising from an increase in [CO ].
Q6) A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than a hypertonic solution.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Which statement about hypotonicity of the body fluids is incorrect?
A)Diabetes insipidus can cause it.
B)It occurs when excess free H2O is present.
C)Drowsiness, headache, confusion, lethargy, weakness, and edema are symptoms associated with it.
D)Drinking excess fluid is a cause of it.
E)The cells become swollen because of it.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The intrinsic nerve plexuses
A)produce spontaneous depolarization of the muscle cells in the wall of the digestive tract
B)are located in the mucosa
C)coordinate local activity in the digestive tract
D)have characteristics a and c
E)have none of the above characteristics
Q2) Hormones acting in the small intestine include
A)secretin and cholecystokinin
B)secretin and gastrin
C)cholecystokinin and gastrin
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q3) Digestion is completed
A)in the stomach
B)in the small intestine lumen
C)on the brush borders of the small intestine epithelial cells
D)in the colon
E)in the rectum
Q4) Secreted by the salivary glands
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ release endogenous pyrogens in the body.
A)Muscle cells
B)Pathogens
C)Platelets
D)Erythrocytes
E)Macrophages
Q2) Most of the energy contained within food will be lost as heat.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The presence of skin blood vessels diminishes the effectiveness of the skin as an insulator.
A)True
B)False
Q4) About ____ kilocalories of energy is liberated by consumption of three liters of oxygen.
A)4.8
B)9.6
C)14.4
D)19.2
E)24
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Principles of Endocrinology: the Central
Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Connected to hypothalamus by a vascular link
Q2) Cellular hypertrophy is accomplished by increased cell division.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All hormones are first formed as precursors, and then are pruned into active hormones.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is least associated with the hydrophilic hormones?
A)cyclic AMP
B)protein kinase
C)adenylate cyclase
D)intracellular receptor
E)phosphorylated enzymes
Q5) ___________ is growth resulting from an increase in the number of cells.
Q6) Tropic hormones only target other glands.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Bone cells that form bone
Q8) Cerebral cortex can influence activities Page 21
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Chapter 19: The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stress of any kind causes the release of A)aldosterone
B)the major glucocorticoid C)insulin
D)melatonin
E)none of the above
Q2) The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Amino acids can be converted to glucose whereas fatty acids cannot.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin is
A)able to stimulate production of T3 and T4 secretion by the thyroid
B)inhibited by T3 and T4 in a negative-feedback fashion
C)found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease
D)both a and c
E)both b and c
Q5) Insulin
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Chapter 20: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) GnRH
A)stimulates both FSH and LH secretion
B)is inhibited by testosterone
C)has low-level activity during the prepubertal period
D)both stimulates FSH and LH secretion and is inhibited by testosterone
E)has all of the above characteristics
Q2) The third stage of labor
A)involves dilation of the cervix to 10 cm
B)refers to the actual birth of the baby
C)occurs when the entire uterine contents shift downward and the head of the fetus is positioned against the cervix
D)involves delivery of the placenta
E)is characterized by rupture of the membranes surrounding the amniotic sac
Q3) A reduction in the secretion of ____ may serve as the trigger for the onset of puberty.
A)inhibin
B)melatonin
C)adrenal androgens
D)gonadotropin-releasing hormone
E)pituitary gonadotropic hormones
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