Course Introduction
Principles of Learning Exam Preparation Guide
Principles of Learning explores the foundational theories and scientific research underlying how humans and animals acquire, retain, and apply knowledge and skills. The course examines classical and operant conditioning, cognitive processes, memory, motivation, and the influence of environment and experience on learning outcomes. Students will analyze major perspectives from behaviorism to constructivism and investigate practical applications in educational, organizational, and clinical settings. Emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms that enhance or inhibit learning and on evaluating methods to optimize instructional strategies.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by James
E. Mazur
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13 Chapters
339 Verified Questions
339 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1767
Page 2
Chapter 1: History, background, and Basic Concepts
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27 Verified Questions
27 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35186
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of an intervening variableA)hunger
B)food
C)eating
D)not eating for 10 hours
Answer: A
Q2) Skinner has argued against the use of intervening variables in psychological theories
A)because they make the theories more complex
B)because he believed that the causes of many behaviors can be found in the environment,not inside the individual
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
Answer: C
Q3) Aristotle's rules of association included all of the following except A)contiguity
B)recency
C)similarity
D)contrast
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35187
Sample Questions
Q1) Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response
A)always occurs in a single trial
B)dissipates with time
C)is completely different from habituation in higher organisms
D)all of the above
Answer: B
Q2) In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the goal of finding an area with high humidity can be called
A)the actual input
B)the reference input
C)a disturbance
D)the output
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35188
Sample Questions
Q1) Inhibitory conditioning is most likely to result from A)simultaneous conditioning
B)short-delay conditioning
C)long-delay conditioning
D)backward conditioning
Answer: D
Q2) Of the following,which is usually not involved when systematic desensitization is used to treat a phobia-
A)an emetic
B)progressive relaxation
C)fear hierarchy
D)imagination
Answer: A
Q3) A problem with stimulus substitution theory is that
A)the CR sometimes has components that the UR does not
B)the UR sometimes has components that the CR does not
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35189
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,compared to a less salient CS,a more salient CS will receive
A)stronger conditioning
B)weaker conditioning
C)the same amount of conditioning
D)inhibitory conditioning
Q2) A limitation of the Rescorla-Wagner model is that it cannot predict
A)the overexpectation effect
B)the CS preexposure effect
C)inhibitory conditioning
D)overshadowing
Q3) According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,inhibitory conditioning will occur when the actual size of the US is
A)greater than what was expected
B)less than what was expected
C)equal to what was expected
D)less than that of the CS
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35190
Sample Questions
Q1) Autoshaping will not be observed unless A)illumination of the key light predicts an upcoming food delivery
B)a peck at the key produces immediate food
C)a peck at the key produces a darkening of the key light
D)all of the above
Q2) Unlike a discrete trial procedure,the free operant procedure involves
A)a response that the subject can perform at any time
B)just about any response the experimenter decides to examine C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
Q3) Money is an example of
A)a primary reinforcer
B)a generalized reinforcer
C)an unconditioned stimulus
D)none of the above
Q4) What makes shaping such a useful technique in behavior modification is that it A)relies on instinctive behaviors
B)produces behavior changes that are permanent
C)can be used to produce behaviors the learner has never displayed before D)does not require the use of reinforcement
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Chapter 6: Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental
Analyses and Applications
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35191
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the generalization decrement hypothesis,extinction after partial reinforcement is slow because
A)the animal continues to respond out of frustration
B)the conditions of extinction are fairly similar to conditions in which the animal has been reinforced in the past
C)the animal cannot discriminate any change from the previous reinforcement condition
D)all of the above
Q2) Behavioral marital therapy can include
A)a contingency contract
B)behavior exchange
C)training in communication and problem-solving skills
D)all of the above
Q3) Performance on a reinforcement schedule can be greatly affected by
A)the rate of reinforcement
B)the quality of reinforcement
C)the amount of effort required to make the response
D)all of the above
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Chapter 7: Avoidance and Punishment
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35192
Sample Questions
Q1) Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)omission
Q2) It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment if
A)the punishment is delayed
B)the behavior is highly motivated
C)the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased
D)all of the above
Q3) Suppose an animal first receives tone-shock pairings in one chamber,and then learns to jump over a barrier to escape a shock in a shuttle box.If the tone is now presented in the shuttle box,the likely result is
A)an increase in the rate at which the dog jumps over the barrier
B)a decrease in the rate at which the dog jumps over the barrier
C)no change in the rate of jumping
D)conditioned suppression
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Chapter 8: Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35193
Sample Questions
Q1) Need-reduction theory cannot explain why
A)food is a reinforcer
B)water is a reinforcer
C)saccharine is a reinforcer
D)warmth is a reinforcer
Q2) Two-factor theorists have suggested that reinforcement
A)is at work in both classical and operant conditioning
B)is at work in classical but not operant conditioning
C)is at work in operant but not classical conditioning
D)is at work in neither classical nor operant conditioning
Q3) In the Miller and DiCara experiments on the operant conditioning of heart rate,the rats were given curare
A)to make them unconscious
B)to immobilize the skeletal muscles
C)as a pain-killer
D)all of the above
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Chapter 9: Stimulus Control and Concept Learning
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35194
Sample Questions
Q1) In the research of Jenkins and Harrison,one group of pigeons received intradimensional training--a 1000 Hz tone was an S and a 950 Hz tone was an S-.In a generalization test along the dimension of tone frequency,this group produced
A)typical generalization gradients with peaks at 1000 Hz
B)extremely narrow generalization gradients
C)flat generalization gradients
D)no generalization to other tones
Q2) Treating the number "8" and the word "eight" as the same mathematical concept is an example of
A)a learning set
B)generalization
C)stimulus equivalence
D)absolute stimulus control
Q3) Spence's theory of stimulus control states that during discrimination training
A)an excitatory generalization gradient develops around the S
B)an inhibitory generalization gradient develops around the S
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
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Chapter 10: Comparative Cognition
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27 Verified Questions
27 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35195
Sample Questions
Q1) According to Weber's law,which of the following temporal discriminations would be the most difficult for an animal to learn-
A)a 20-second tone versus a 40-second tone
B)a 5-second tone versus a 7-second tone
C)a 1-second tone versus a 2-second tone
D)a 20-second tone versus a 40-second light
Q2) Which of the following has not been found in any creatures other than humans-
A)the correct use of pronouns and prepositions
B)reference to objects and events not present
C)accurate counting above 12 objects
D)the ability to recognize a repeating serial pattern
Q3) Performance on a delayed-matching-to-sample task can be affected by
A)the duration of the delay between sample and comparison stimuli
B)the species of the subject
C)the stimuli presented on previous trials
D)all of the above
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Chapter 11: Learning by Observation
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35196
Sample Questions
Q1) In attempts to use modeling as treatment for socially withdrawn children,it has been found that
A)graduated exposure to models engaging in more and more energetic social interactions is effective
B)long treatment sessions are necessary
C)the effects of this treatment decline over time
D)all of the above
Q2) Evidence for observational learning of phobias has been found
A)in people but not animals
B)in animals but not people
C)in both people and animals
D)in neither people nor animals
Q3) Evidence for observational learning in the conservation task has been found
A)in people but not animals
B)in animals but not people
C)in both people and animals
D)in neither people nor animals
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Chapter 12: Learning Motor Skills
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35197
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the response chain approach,when we have learned to produce a sequence of movements well
A)we can plan several steps in the sequence simultaneously
B)sensory feedback from one movement serves as a stimulus for the next movement in the sequence
C)we get better at the task by grouping the movements into chunks
D)we may make errors of anticipation by starting one movement out of order
Q2) Negative transfer is most likely to be observed when two motor tasks involve
A)similar responses to similar stimuli
B)different responses to similar stimuli
C)different responses to different stimuli
D)either a or c
Q3) Studies have found that ________ can be helpful in motor learning.
A)observing a model perform the task
B)practicing with a partner
C)video self-modeling
D)all of the above
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Chapter 13: Choice
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35198
Sample Questions
Q1) The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in
A)rate of reinforcement
B)amount of reinforcement
C)quality of reinforcement
D)all of the above
Q2) Herrnstein has applied the matching law to situations where a subject responds on VI schedules of different sizes,but only one schedule is presented at a time.He assumed that if the reinforcement for extraneous behaviors is increased
A)the subject's maximum possible response rate does not change
B)response rate on the VI schedule should decrease
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
Q3) The tragedy of the commons arises in situations where
A)individuals place no value on the resources of the community
B)individuals seek to maximize their personal gains
C)the behavior of a single individual has no effect on the community's resources
D)all of the above
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