Principles of Human Biology Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Human Biology offers a foundational exploration of the structure and function of the human body, emphasizing the biological processes that sustain life. Students will examine topics such as cell biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, and the interplay of the bodys major systems. The course also addresses how lifestyle choices and environmental factors impact human health, and introduces current issues in biomedical science. This course is designed for students seeking a comprehensive understanding of human biology, both for academic advancement and informed decision-making regarding personal and public health.
Recommended Textbook
Maders Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology 8th Edition by Susannah Longenbaker
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19 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Organization of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of cut will give front and back portions?
A)Median
B)Transverse
C)Sagittal
D)Frontal or coronal
Answer: D
Q2) Which system is involved in regulating fluid levels and chemical content of the blood?
A)Cardiovascular system
B)Lymphatic system
C)Urinary system
D)Digestive system
Answer: C
Q3) The inflammation of the membranes of the posterior (dorsal)cavity is called A)serositis.
B)pleurisy.
C)meningitis.
D)pericarditis.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Different forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called A)molecules.
B)compounds. C)isotopes.
D)lattices.
Answer: C
Q2) The subunit molecules for proteins are A)atoms.
B)amino acids.
C)enzymes.
D)polymers.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is a nucleic acid?
A)DNA
B)RNA
C)Both DNA and RNA
D)None apply.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tightly-coiled,rod-like structures of DNA and proteins are called A)nucleoli.
B)ribosomes.
C)chromatin.
D)chromosomes.
Answer: D
Q2) A disease involving a missing or inactive lysosomal enzyme in nerve cells is called A)Golgi's disease.
B)multiple sclerosis.
C)neuritis.
D)Tay-Sachs disease.
Answer: D
Q3) Which process does not require a concentration gradient?
A)Active transport
B)Diffusion
C)Facilitated diffusion
D)Osmosis
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Body Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of neuroglia line the ventricles of the brain?
A)ependymal cells
B)microglia
C)Schwann cells
D)astrocytes
Q2) What type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder and allows it to stretch and slide to create a barrier?
A)Simple columnar epithelium
B)Stratified squamous epithelium
C)Stratified cuboidal epithelium
D)Transitional epithelium
Q3) The peritoneum
A)is a serous membrane.
B)is found in the abdomen.
C)forms the mesentery.
D)All apply.
Q4) The central canals of compact bone contain
A)blood vessels.
B)nerve fibers.
C)both blood vessels and nerve fibers.
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Flexion creases in the skin are due to the A)hypodermis.
B)epidermis.
C)cutaneous membrane.
D)dermis.
Q2) Which of the following is the most common type of skin cancer?
A)Basal cell carcinoma
B)Squamous cell carcinoma
C)Melanoma
D)Kaposi's sarcoma
Q3) Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels AND nerve fibers?
A)Epidermis
B)Dermis
C)Epidermis and dermis
Q4) Impetigo is
A)a bacterial infection resulting in crusty pustules.
B)caused by over keratinization.
C)overactive cell division.
D)a fungal infection.
Q5) Describe the effects that long-term exposure to the sun may have on the skin.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The end of a long bone is the A)diaphysis.
B)periosteum.
C)shaft.
D)epiphysis.
Q2) The knuckles are an example of a __________ joint.
A)condyloid
B)hinge
C)gliding
D)saddle
Q3) What part of the humerus articulates with the ulna?
A)Capitulum
B)Trochlea
C)Coronoid fossa
D)Deltoid tuberosity
Q4) Another name for the breastbone is the sternum.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Give four examples of how the skeleton protects internal organs.
Q6) Distinguish among lordosis,kyphosis,and scoliosis.
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______ extends the forearm.
A)biceps brachii
B)frontalis
C)triceps brachii
D)gluteus maximus
Q2) This muscle allows you to stand on your tiptoes.
A)Gastrocnemius
B)Tibialis anterior
C)Flexor digitorum longus
D)Hamstring group
Q3) The _______ aid in inspiration during respiration.
A)external intercostals and infrahyoids
B)internal intercostals and diaphragm
C)diaphragm and external intercostals
D)internal and external intercostals
Q4) Fatigue is caused by
A)gradual muscle weakening after repetitive use.
B)depletion of ATP.
C)depletion of acetylcholine from motor neurons.
D)All apply.
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the structural classification of a sensory neuron?
A)Unipolar
B)Multipolar
C)Bipolar
Q2) What separates the hemispheres of the cerebrum?
A)Lateral fissure
B)Longitudinal fissure
C)Corpus callosum
D)Central sulcus
Q3) What protects the spinal cord?
A)Vertebrae
B)Meninges
C)Cerebrospinal fluid
D)All apply.
Q4) A motor neuron carries impulses
A)to muscles and glands.
B)to the CNS.
C)always within the CNS.
Q5) Organize the following divisions of the nervous system in outline form: autonomic ns,central ns,parasympathetic ns,peripheral ns,somatic ns,sympathetic ns.
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Chapter 9: The Sensory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cochlea is part of the A)middle ear.
B)outer ear.
C)inner ear.
Q2) Photoreceptors are the same as other types of receptors in that the stimulus of light causes the release of neurotransmitters,which then creates an action potential. Photoreceptors are different from other types of receptors in that the stimulus of light stops the release of neurotransmitters,which then creates an action potential.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nerve signals from the general body senses travel up the spinal cord to the thalamus and then to the
A)somatosensory area of the parietal lobe.
B)prefrontal area of the frontal lobe.
C)visual area of the occipital lobe.
D)primary motor area of the frontal lobe.
Q4) Describe the focusing process of the eye.
Q5) Describe the process in which sound waves are conducted to the spiral organ.
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Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following growth factors is NOT important in wound healing?
A)Tumor angiogenesis factor
B)Epidermal growth factor
C)Nerve growth factor
D)Platelet-derived growth factor
Q2) Melatonin is associated with the
A)adipose tissue.
B)pineal gland.
C)thymus gland.
D)hypothalamus.
Q3) What stimulus will cause the secretion of ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone)?
A)Increased blood volume in the atria of the heart
B)Increased blood volume in the kidneys
C)Decreased blood sodium levels
D)None apply.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true about the pancreas?
A)Exocrine tissue produces digestive enzymes.
B)Endocrine tissue produces hormones.
C)Exocrine tissue is called the pancreatic islets.
D)The hormones released maintain glucose homeostasis.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the oxygen content of the blood is low,_____ is released by the kidneys to increase red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
A)erythropoietin
B)renin
C)aldosterone
D)prothrombin
Q2) The globin portion of hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin and biliverdin which contribute to the color of the feces.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A person with type AB blood has ________ antigens.
A)A
B)B
C)both A and B
D)no
Q4) Platelets in a damaged blood vessel can adhere to each other and exposed collagen fibers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood return to the heart through the veins is aided by A)a blood pressure difference from venules to the right atrium.
B)skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps.
C)total blood volume in circulation.
D)All apply.
Q2) When is the first sound of the heartbeat produced?
A)beginning of atrial systole
B)beginning of atrial diastole
C)beginning of ventricular systole
D)beginning of ventricular diastole
Q3) The external jugular veins drains blood from the A)head and neck.
B)arms and chest.
C)legs.
D)abdominal organs.
Q4) Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes the heart rate to A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)stay the same.
D)increase,then decrease.
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Chapter 13: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which autoimmune disease do antibodies attack the myelin sheath?
A)rheumatoid arthritis
B)multiple sclerosis
C)myasthenia gravis
D)systemic lupus erythematosus
Q2) Explain the process of inflammation.Include the function of histamine in the process.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a tonsil?
A)pharyngeal
B)lingual
C)oral
D)palatine
Q4) How does the lymphatic system help maintain homeostasis?
A)returns excess fluid to the blood vessels to maintain blood volume and pressure
B)absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
C)defends the body against disease and infection
D)All apply.
Q5) Differentiate between nonspecific and specific defense,and give examples of each.
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15
Chapter 14: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contraction of the respiratory muscles causes the thoracic cavity to ______ in volume.
A)increase
B)decrease
C)remain unchanged
Q2) Average tidal volume is approximately
A)1500 mL.
B)2900 mL.
C)1000 mL.
D)500 mL.
Q3) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported A)dissolved in the plasmA.
B)as carbaminohemoglobin.
C)as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
D)All apply.
Q4) Hyperventilation could lead to A)acidosis.
B)alkalosis.
C)chloride shift.
D)eupnea.
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Chapter 15: Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where does starch (carbohydrate)digestion occur?
A)mouth and stomach
B)stomach and small intestine
C)stomach and pancreas
D)mouth and small intestine
Q2) Which nutrient is the body's main building block?
A)carbohydrates
B)minerals
C)vitamins
D)proteins
Q3) The large intestine functions to A)digest fat.
B)absorb water.
C)store food.
D)All apply.
Q4) Explain the importance of sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice.
Q5) List the five accessory organs of digestion.
Q6) Niacin is a B-complex vitamin.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: The Urinary System and Excretion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What stimulus causes the hypothalamus to produce ADH?
A)decreased blood osmolality
B)increased blood osmolality
C)increased blood pressure
D)None apply.
Q2) Which of the following is part of a nephron?
A)glomerular capsule
B)proximal and distal convoluted collecting tubules
C)loop of the nephron
D)All apply.
Q3) The kidneys maintain acid-base balance by mainly excreting ____ and reabsorbing ___ .
A)sodium;potassium.
B)bicarbonate;sodium.
C)hydrogen;bicarbonate.
D)chloride;hydrogen
Q4) Most renal calculi are formed from excess cholesterol. Most renal calculi are formed from calcium salts.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT occur during menopause?
A)menstrual cycle ceases
B)ovaries secrete very little estrogen and progesterone
C)hot flashes,headaches,and depression may occur
D)hCG secretion increases
Q2) What occurs in the ovary at the end of the follicular phase?
A)menses
B)ovulation
C)pregnancy
D)nothing
Q3) Which male gland is located behind the urinary bladder and secretes an alkaline fluid with fructose and prostaglandins?
A)bulbourethral glands
B)Cowper's glands
C)prostate
D)seminal vesicles
Q4) Describe the functional relationship among the hypothalamus,anterior pituitary gland,and the ovaries.
Q5) List the structures of the seminal tract in the order that sperm would encounter them.
19
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Chapter 18: Human Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Usually more than one sperm can successfully enter an ovum. Only one sperm can enter an ovum.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During stage three of parturition
A)the placenta is delivered.
B)the birth occurs.
C)the cervix dilates.
Q3) The union of ovum and sperm during fertilization creates the first cell of the new organism which is called a A)morulA.
B)blastocyst
C)zygote.
D)zona pellucida.
Q4) The umbilical arteries carry
A)waste and carbon dioxide toward the placentA.
B)oxygen and nutrients toward the fetus.
C)waste and carbon dioxide toward the fetus.
D)oxygen and nutrients toward the placenta.
Q5) What is a breech birth and why may it necessitate a cesarean section delivery?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) In preparing a cell sample for karyotyping,when are the cells most visible?
A)prophase
B)metaphase
C)anaphase
D)telophase
Q2) Autosomes are
A)human chromosomes.
B)sex chromosomes.
C)nonsex "self" chromosomes.
D)abnormal chromosomes.
Q3) An abnormal allele,leading to an abnormal channel protein,is the cause of A)hemophiliA.
B)cystic fibrosis.
C)unattached earlobes.
D)asthma.
Q4) An individual with XYY has A)Klinefelter syndrome.
B)Jacobs syndrome.
C)Turner syndrome.
D)poly-X syndrome.
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