Principles of Criminology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Principles of Criminology introduces students to the foundational concepts, theories, and methodologies used in the study of crime and criminal behavior. This course explores the historical and contemporary perspectives on the causes of crime, the societal response to criminal acts, and the roles played by various institutions within the criminal justice system. Students will critically examine topics such as the measurement of crime, patterns of offending, the impact of social, economic, and psychological factors on criminality, and the evolution of criminological thought. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks and real-world case studies, students will develop a comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding crime and justice in society.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) Define "ideology."
Answer: A way of looking at the world-a general emotional picture of "how things should be."
Q2) Driving twenty-six (26)miles per hour in an area where the speed limit is twenty-five (25)miles per hour would best be described as an act:
A) Mala in se.
B) Mala prohibita.
C) Of overcriminalization.
D) Of felonious proportions.
Answer: B
Q3) A(n)______ is as set of logically interconnected propositions explaining how phenomena are related.
A) Theory
B) Hypothesis
C) Ideology
D) Policy Answer: A
Q4) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala in se.
Answer: Examples: Murder,rape,robbery.
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The primary source of official crime statistics in the United States is the annual _______ published by the FBI.
A) NIBRS report
B) UCR
C) NCVS
D) self-report survey
Answer: B
Q2) The NCVS and UCR are in general agreement regarding recent crime trends.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) Identify one advantage that NIBRS has over the UCR as a source of crime data. Answer: Examples: It does not use the "hierarchy rule," and it provides more detailed information regarding the circumstances of each offense.
Q4) A crime rate is calculated by standardizing the number of reported crimes by some unit of the population.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Q1) According to routine activities theory,what are the three components that combine for crime to occur?
Answer: Motivated offender,suitable target,and the lack of a capable guardian.
Q2) According to Raffael Garofalo,societies can only be protected from _____ criminals by swiftly executing them,regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.
A) Endemic
B) Extreme
C) Impulsive
D) Professional
Answer: B
Q3) Cesare Lombroso,Raffael Garofalo,and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the _____ school of criminology.
A) American
B) French
C) German
D) Italian
Answer: D
Q4) What is recidivism?
Answer: Committing another crime after previously being punished for one.
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) Shaw and McKay are known for identifying six focal concerns as the source of crime in lower class communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delinquents always came from the same neighborhood regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods.
A)True
B)False
Q3) With which theory is Robert Agnew associated?
A) Strain Theory
B) General Strain Theory
C) Social Disorganization Theory
D) Institutional Strain Theory
Q4) Identify three of the lower-class focal concerns proposed by Walter Miller.
Q5) The concept of negative emotions is central to which theory?
A) Differential opportunity theory
B) Focal concerns theory
C) General strain theory
D) Institutional anomie theory
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Q1) Differential association theory has been critiqued for ignoring individual differences in the propensity to associate with antisocial peers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Social process theorists believe that if we wish to understand social behavior,we have to understand how individuals subjectively perceive their social reality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify and briefly explain two out of the four social bonds identified by Hirschi.
Q4) A child's bond with their parents would be representative of the social bond of attachment.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is credited with neutralization theory?
A) Ronald Akers
B) Edwin Sutherland
C) Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
D) Gresham Sykes and David Matza
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Q1) The gender gap in crime rates tends to be the widest for drug offenses and other minor crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe George Vold's contributions to conflict theory.Based on this framework,what should be done to alleviate crime? Support your answer with what you have learned in the textbook.
Q3) Peacemaking criminology advocates _____ in response to crime.
A) Corporal Punishment
B) Imprisonment
C) Restorative Justice
D) The Overthrow of Capitalism
Q4) There is still no theory of crime that is entirely female-specific,leaving feminist criminologists to focus on descriptive studies of crime,or on crime-specific "mini-theories."
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the central argument of Anne Campbell's "staying alive hypothesis"?
Q6) What is the gender ratio problem in criminology?
Q7) Identify one critique of Marxist criminology.
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) In a phenomenon referred to as the "intellectual imbalance," it has been found that offenders tend to score lower than the overall population on the _____ intelligence sub-scale,but not on the _____ intelligence sub-scale.
A) Performance; Verbal
B) Verbal; Performance
C) None of the above; this term is used to refer to the disparity between offenders and non-offenders on the full-scale IQ test.
D) None of the above; no IQ difference has been found between offenders and non-offenders.
Q2) People who are chronically under aroused have the lowest level of risk for criminal activity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the "intellectual imbalance"?
Q4) Criminals typically differ from non-criminals on performance IQ.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define "empathy."
Q6) Briefly describe the contributions of "lifestyle theory."
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Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) According to evolutionary psychologists,even though cheating can be rational in some circumstances,why is it that humans so often engage in cooperation?
Q2) Humans invest more in parenting effort than any other species.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Compare the reward dominance theory to the prefrontal dysfunction theory.What do the two theories have in common,and how do they differ?
Q4) The _____ system is associated with the neurotransmitter serotonin.
A) Fight/flight
B) Reward dominance
C) Behavioral inhibition
D) Behavioral activating
Q5) The reward dominance theory comes from which school of thought?
A) Behavior Genetics
B) Evolutionary Psychology
C) Neuroscience
D) Psychology
Q6) According to neuroscience,why are the experiences of children particularly crucial?
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) The age at which excitatory transmitters start to decrease and the inhibitory transmitters start to increase,thus decreasing a person's propensity for antisocial behavior,is _____ years of age.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
Q2) Age-graded theory strongly emphasizes the predictive nature of individual traits over the potential impact of environmental factors or human agency.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Agnew's trait of irritability appears to be analogous with what most psychologists call _____.
A) Conscientiousness
B) Impulsiveness
C) Negative emotionality
D) Sensation seeking
Q4) What is a risk factor?
Q5) List two symptoms of ADHD.
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Q1) _____ is defined by the FBI as "an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury.
A) Assault
B) Burglary
C) Larceny
D) Robbery
Q2) What is the most prevalent form of violence in the United States?
A) Domestic Violence
B) Murder
C) Robbery
D) Terrorism
Q3) Identify one characteristic associated with a disproportionate risk for rape victimization.
Q4) The FBI defines _____ rape as the carnal knowledge of a female by force and against her will.
A) Acquaintance
B) Domestic
C) Forcible
D) Statutory
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) _____ is the rarest of property crimes.
A) Embezzlement
B) Larceny
C) Motor Vehicle Theft
D) Shoplifting
Q2) Briefly describe the role of guardianship in burglars' assessment of a potential target.
Q3) "Shadowcrew" was a criminal organization involved in:
A) Embezzlement
B) Forgery
C) Identity Theft
D) Larceny
Q4) Banks have long been embezzlement targets,but the advent of computers has made it both easier to commit and more lucrative.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Counterfeiting is one form of embezzlement.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why is it difficult to gather accurate statistics on the crime of arson?
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Q1) Which of the following is true about serial killers?
A) They are unable to stop themselves from killing until they are caught or die.
B) Most of them travel among several states in their commission of crimes.
C) They are motivated by a variety of reasons, including thrill seeking and anger.
D) They are indistinguishable from spree and mass murders.
Q2) Identify one characteristic that tends to distinguish serial murder from other forms of multiple murders.
Q3) Most terrorists are young unmarried males.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The earliest known terrorist group was:
A) Al-Qaeda
B) The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
C) Ismailis
D) Sicarrii
Q5) Define "serial murder."
Q6) Identify and describe two typologies of serial killers.
Q7) Compare and contrast spree murder and serial murder.
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Q8) Briefly describe the relationship between sexual dysfunction and serial murders.
Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Q1) The notion that public order crimes are "victimless" is:
A) Widely accepted among criminologists and the general public.
B) Contested by criminologists, but accepted among the general public.
C) Rejected by criminologists, due to the number of "secondary victims" harmed by such crimes.
D) Rejected by criminologists, due to the large number of public order crimes reported each year on the NCVS.
Q2) Those suffering from alcoholism may suffer withdrawal symptoms if they stop drinking.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In your textbook,you read about the history of regulation of drugs and alcohol,and the relation of these substances to crime.Based on what you have learned,provide an argument both in favor of,and in opposition to,the criminalization of tobacco.
Q4) _____ are mind-altering drugs.
A) Hallucinogenics
B) Narcotics
C) Stimulants
D) Type II Substances
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) What is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?
Q2) Occupational crime has minimal financial costs,which may account for why it is not taken seriously.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Briefly describe the structure of organized crime groups according to the feudal model.
Q4) Compare and contrast occupational crime and corporate crime.Provide examples of each to support your answer.
Q5) The organizational structure of La Cosa Nostra is best described as hierarchical.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A study of brokerage firms found that many of the biggest names in the business have not had serious violations since the early 1980s.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What thought characterizes those with an external locus of control?
Q8) What was the Castellammarese War?
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) Victim precipitation theory is most contentious when it is applied to _____.
A) Homicide
B) Rape
C) Robbery
D) Theft
Q2) Briefly discuss the risk of victimization at schools relative to other places.
Q3) The worse consequences for most crime victims are _____.
A) Loss of vision
B) Permanent disabilities
C) Physical wounds
D) Psychological
Q4) Most victimization is random and unpredictable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify one right provided by the Crime Victim's Bill of Rights.
Q6) Until recently,the _____ was the forgotten party in the criminal justice system.
A) Community
B) Offender
C) Prosecutor
D) Victim Page 17
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