Principles of Chemistry
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Course
Introduction
Principles of Chemistry introduces students to the fundamental concepts that form the basis of chemical science. The course covers atomic and molecular structure, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, chemical reactions, thermodynamics, and the properties of gases, liquids, and solids. Emphasis is placed on understanding the theoretical principles that govern chemical phenomena and applying these principles to problem-solving in laboratory and real-world contexts. This foundational course prepares students for advanced studies in chemistry and related scientific disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition by Nivaldo J. Tro
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19 Chapters
2146 Verified Questions
2146 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Chemical World
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Sample Questions
Q1) The key to success in chemistry is:
A)curiosity.
B)mathematical skills.
C)commitment.
D)practice.
E)all of the above
Answer: E
Q2) What is the definition of a scientific theory?
A)a brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones
B)a model that explains the underlying reasons for observations and laws
C)the equivalent of a scientific opinion which others may disagree with
D)a method of learning that emphasizes reason as the way to understand the world
E)none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) A theory is the equivalent of an opinion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correct multiplier for the prefix milli is:
A)10<sup>-3</sup>
B)10<sup>-6</sup>
C)10<sup>-9</sup>
D)10<sup>-12</sup>
E)none of the above
Answer: A
Q2) When rounding the number 2.348615 to 4 significant figures,what is the correct value?
A)2.3490
B)2.340
C)2.349
D)2.348
E)none of the above
Answer: C
Q3) A solution map is the section near the back of the textbook that provides the answers to assigned problems.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Matter and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) When methane is burned with oxygen,the products are carbon dioxide and water.If you produce 9 grams of water and 11 grams of carbon dioxide from 16 grams of oxygen,how many grams of methane were needed for the reaction?
A)4
B)20
C)31
D)40
E)none of the above
Answer: A
Q2) A melting scoop of ice cream is an example of an exothermic process.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Skim milk is a heterogeneous mixture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Atoms and Elements
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Sample Questions
Q1) If two atoms each contain different numbers of protons,the atoms must be from different elements.
A)True B)False
Q2) The nucleus of an atom is a very small,dense region that contains over 99.9% of the atomic mass.
A)True B)False
Q3) Group 7A elements are also called:
A)noble gases.
B)halogens.
C)alkaline earth metals.
D)alkali metals.
E)none of the above
Q4) What is the atomic symbol for silver?
A)S
B)Ag
C)Au
D)Si
E)none of the above
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Molecules and Compounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correct formula for calcium fluoride is CaF<sub>3</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the correct formula for the hypochlorite polyatomic ion?
A)ClO<sup>-</sup>
B)ClO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>
C)ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
D)ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>
E)none of the above
Q3) When elements combine to form compounds,their properties only change slightly.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How many carbon atoms are in the formula Al<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>?
A)3
B)9
C)1
D)6
E)none of the above
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Chapter 6: Chemical Composition
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Sample Questions
Q1) One mole of I<sub>2</sub> has more atoms in it than one mole of Na.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How many moles of Cu are in 1.48 × 10<sup>25</sup> Cu atoms?
A)0.0408
B)24.6
C)1.54 × 10<sup>25</sup>
D)6.022 × 10<sup>23</sup>
E)none of the above
Q3) The mole has a value of 6.023 × 10<sup>22</sup>.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There are 6 grams of carbon in 22 grams of carbon dioxide.
A)True
B)False
Q5) One hundred nickels must have the same mass as one hundred pennies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Color change is evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Considering the following precipitation reaction: Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(aq)+ 2KI(aq) PbI<sub>2</sub>(s)+ 2KNO<sub>3</sub>(aq)
Which ion(s)would NOT be present in the net ionic equation?
A)Pb<sup>2+</sup>,NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
B)K<sup>+</sup>,NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>
C)K<sup>+,</sup> Pb<sup>2+</sup>
D)K<sup>+</sup>,<sup> </sup>I<sup>-</sup>
E)All the above ions are in the net ionic equation.
Q3) Which of the following statements about redox reactions is FALSE?
A)Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
B)Reduction is the gain of electrons.
C)A reaction can result in either oxidation or reduction,not both.
D)A reaction involving elemental oxygen is a redox reaction.
E)All of the above statement are true.
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Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the limiting reactant for the reaction below given that you start with 2.50 grams C and 2.50 grams SiO<sub>2</sub>?
Reaction: C + SiO<sub>2</sub> SiC + O<sub>2</sub>
A)C
B)SiO<sub>2</sub>
C)SiC
D)O<sub>2</sub>
E)There is no limiting reactant.
Q2) The limiting reactant is the reactant that produces the maximum amount of product.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the theoretical yield of a reaction is 144 grams and the actual yield of the reaction is 72 grams,the percent yield of the reaction is 200%.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Stoichiometry is a chemist's version of following a recipe.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blue light travels at a faster speed than red light.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The lowest energy orbital in the quantum-mechanical model is the:
A)zero orbital.
B)1a orbital.
C)1p orbital.
D)1s orbital.
E)none of the above
Q3) The shorter the wavelength of light,the more energy it has.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How many electrons are unpaired in the orbitals of nitrogen?
A)14
B)5
C)9
D)3
E)none of the above
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Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the angle between electron groups in the tetrahedral geometry?
A)90°
B)109.5°
C)120°
D)180°
E)not enough information
Q2) Resonance structures are the best representation we can draw but do not accurately reflect the true structure.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sulfate ion contains 28 valence electrons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When you have 2 electron groups and none are lone pairs,the molecular geometry is linear.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Carbon monoxide contains resonance Lewis structures.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Gases
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Sample Questions
Q1) One liter of a gas is in a sealed chamber containing a moveable piston.If the piston is moved so that the volume of the gas is compressed to a volume of one-half liter,what will happen to the pressure on the gas? (Assume the temperature is constant and no gas particles are lost. )
A)The pressure will remain the same.
B)The pressure will be half of the original value.
C)The pressure will be twice the original value.
D)It would be impossible to move the piston since gases are not compressible.
E)none of the above
Q2) At STP,12.69 g of a noble gas occupies 14.09 L.What is the identity of the noble gas?
(R= 0.0821 L atm/ mol K)
A)He
B)Ne
C)Ar
D)Kr
E)not enough information
Q3) The vapor pressure of water is independent of temperature.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Liquids,solids,and Intermolecular Forces
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paradichlorobenzene,a material used in "moth balls," is known to go directly from a solid form to a gaseous form.This process is known as:
A)melting
B)evaporation
C)condensation
D)boiling
E)sublimation
Q2) Compounds that are similar to water in molecular mass all exist as solids.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ability of sodium chloride to mix with water is most likely due to:
A)dispersion force
B)ion-dipole force
C)dipole-dipole force
D)hydrogen bonding
E)none of the above
Q4) Evaporation and condensation are opposite processes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Solutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) An osmosis cell is constructed of a "U" shaped tube with a semipermeable membrane separating the two arms of the tube.Suppose a concentrated solution is placed in the left arm of the U-tube,and a dilute concentration of the same substance is poured into the other arm to the same height.After a period of time has elapsed,you would expect to find that:
A)the level of liquid in the left arm is now higher.
B)the level of the liquid in the right arm is now higher.
C)the levels in both arms stay at the same height.
D)no molecules of any type cross the membrane.
E)none of the above
Q2) When a chunk of gold is melted and poured into the shape of an ingot,an aqueous solution of gold has been created.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin,so it is likely that this vitamin is polar.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Molality is calculated by dividing grams of solute by kilograms of solution.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Acids and Bases
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Arrhenius definition of an acid is:
A)a proton donor.
B)a proton acceptor.
C)produces H in solution.
D)produces OH in solution.
E)none of the above
Q2) Sodium hydroxide is often used in the manufacturing of soap.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Carboxylic acids can be found in:
A)grapes.
B)apples.
C)lemons.
D)all of the above
E)none of these
Q4) A solution that has a pH of 8.5 is considered a weak base.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
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Sample Questions
Q1) What happens to the equilibrium constant when a catalyst is added to the reaction mixture?
A)increases
B)decreases
C)does not change
D)varies
E)none of the above
Q2) Le Chatelier's principle states that when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed,the system shifts in a direction that minimizes the disturbance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The rate of a chemical reaction is the amount of reactant that changes to product in a specific amount of time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Reaction rates generally increase as a reaction proceeds.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Oxidation and Reduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most acids dissolve metals by the oxidation of H<sup>+</sup> ions to hydrogen gas.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Oxidation involves which of the following?
1.Loss of electron(s).
2.Gain of electron(s).
3.Increase in oxidation state.
A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)1 and 3 only
E)2 and 3 only
Q3) The oxidation number of sodium in NaI is +1.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The reaction 2 NO<sub>2</sub> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> would not be considered a redox reaction.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 1.2 kg sample of Th-228 has a half-life of 1.9 years.How many grams of Th is left after 5.7 years?
A)150
B)75
C)300
D)0
E)none of the above
Q2) When an atom emits an alpha particle,it becomes a different element.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Isotope scanning involves:
A)radioactive isotopes that are used in place of x-rays.
B)radioactive isotopes that are absorbed by specific organs.
C)destroying cancerous cells by intense radiation levels.
D)acute radiation exposure.
E)none of the above
Q4) Nuclides that decay slowly have long half-lives.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Briefly distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Organic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions is called carbonyl chemistry.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Even though the aromatic ring of the compound benzene can be drawn with alternating single and double bonds,all the carbon to carbon bonds are the same.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The compound with the formula CH<sub>4</sub> has four possible isomers. A)True
B)False
Q5) As the number of carbon atoms increases in n-alkanes,so does their boiling point. A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Biochemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) The exact shape that a protein takes depends on the types of amino acids and their sequence in the protein chain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A lipid is a chemical component of the cell that is:
A)insoluble in water but soluble in methanol.
B)soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in water.
C)soluble in water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
D)soluble in both water and nonpolar solvents.
E)none of the above
Q3) A section of DNA contains the bases ACGTC ,so the correct sequence in the complementary strand is:
A)CATGA
B)UGCAG
C)TGCAG
D)GTACT
E)none of the above
Q4) The term hydrophilic indicates a substance is repelled by water.
A)True
B)False
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