Principles of Biology Test Preparation - 906 Verified Questions
Principles of Biology Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Principles of Biology introduces students to the fundamental concepts of biological science, emphasizing the structure and function of living organisms, cellular processes, genetics, evolution, ecology, and the diversity of life. The course explores the basic molecular and biochemical foundations of life, the mechanisms of inheritance and gene expression, and the interactions between organisms and their environments. Through a combination of lectures, laboratory exercises, and critical analysis, students develop a foundational understanding of biological principles that underpin advanced topics in biology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
LIFE 1st Edition by John H. Postlethwait
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25 Chapters
906 Verified Questions
906 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following includes other levels of hierarchy?
A)kingdom
B)domain
C)order
D)phylum
E)family
Answer: B
Q2) The first step in the scientific method is to
A)identify a problem.
B)propose a solution.
C)predict the results of an experiment.
D)perform an experiment.
E)draw a conclusion.
Answer: A
Q3) List in order the eight categories into which organisms are classified, beginning with the most general (or most inclusive)category.
Answer: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Chapter 2: Cells and the Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following elements is not particularly abundant in living cells?
A)carbon
B)hydrogen
C)helium
D)nitrogen
E)oxygen
Answer: C
Q2) Water is often known as a universal solvent, it dissolves polar molecules as well as A)ionic compounds.
B)nonionic compounds.
C)hydrophobic compounds.
D)covalently bonded compounds.
E)lipids.
Answer: A
Q3) Describe the primary components of an atom.
Answer: Atoms are composed of electrons, which are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus of the cell. The nucleus is composed of protons, which are positively charged, and neutrons, which have no charge.
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4
Chapter 3: How Cells Take in and Use Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions
A)can take place day or night.
B)produce ADP and carbon dioxide.
C)are uncoupled from the light-independent reactions.
D)lead to carbon fixation.
E)produce ATP and energy stored in electron carriers.
Answer: E
Q2) People adopt a vegetarian diet for a variety of reasons. Justify such a diet using the laws of energy and the idea of efficient energy usage.
Answer: Think about the total amount of energy stored in a 10-acre square field of corn. Recognizing that a human being needs a set amount of energy to survive, there are two options:1) feed the human using only the field of corn, or 2) feed the human using beef that was fed from the field of corn. There are more energy transformations involved in option 2. Since with each energy transformation some energy is "lost" as heat, the most efficient use of energy (and resources) is realized by option 1.
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5
Chapter 4: The Cell Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the terms listed below occur during interphase except
A)G<sub>1</sub> phase.
B)cytokinesis.
C)chromosome replication.
D)G<sub>2</sub> phase.
E)S phase.
Q2) Describe the events that occur during metaphase.
Q3) Microtubules are
A)affected by cancer-fighting chemicals such as Taxol.
B)responsible for formation of the contractile ring.
C)involved in cell plate formation.
D)only built up to make longer and longer microtubules.
E)important during interphase of the cell cycle.
Q4) Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A)the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
B)a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.
C)in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
D)plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
E)there is no difference.
Q5) Give a short, concise description of the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pedigrees are
A)used by geneticists to determine the sequence of an individual's genes.
B)histories of families with regard to particular genetic traits.
C)used only for dogs, cats, and horses.
D)mutated alleles capable of causing genetic disorders.
E)characteristics that are apparent in an individual.
Q2) Mendel observed that dominant traits
A)are only expressed in hybrids.
B)were absent in the F<sub>1</sub> generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
C)were the only traits seen in the F<sub>2</sub> generation of pea plants in his experiments.
D)are expressed in all plants.
E)are seen in all the F<sub>1</sub> hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
Q3) Different forms of a gene are known as A)alleles.
B)hybrids.
C)recessives.
D)genotypes. E)phenotypes.
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Chapter 6: DNA: The Thread of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is discovered that a chromosome from the cells of a particular organism is made up of a strand of DNA that is 500 base pairs long. If 30% of the DNA molecule is determined to be made up of adenine, how many of the bases would you expect to be guanine?
Q2) The bases are bonded to what part of the backbone of the DNA molecule?
A)the 1' carbon atom of the sugar molecule
B)the 2' carbon atom of the sugar molecule
C)the 3' carbon atom of the sugar molecule
D)the 4' carbon atom of the sugar molecule
E)the 5' carbon atom of the sugar molecule
Q3) DNA replication
A)occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
B)does not require proteins.
C)occurs in G<sub>1</sub> of interphase.
D)takes place in the nucleus of the cell.
E)is constantly happening in a cell.
Q4) Describe how the discovery of the structure of DNA is an example of the fact that science is a process that always builds on previous work.
Q5) What was the significance of Griffith's and Avery's "transformed" cells?
Q6) Why is it important that DNA replication be so accurate but not perfect?
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Chapter 7: Genes, Proteins, and Genetic Engineering
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Sample Questions
Q1) First, give the amino acid sequence for the following DNA segment: AATCGAGGTACA. If a base substitution mutation occurred in this segment of DNA, would the resultant amino acid chain be affected?
Q2) What enzyme is used to "glue" together the ends of cut pieces of DNA?
A)DNA polymerase
B)RNA polymerase
C)DNA ligase
D)restriction enzymes
E)protease
Q3) What is the importance of a cell being able to regulate gene expression?
Q4) tRNA molecules are composed of A)DNA.
B)nucleotides.
C)amino acids
D)polypeptides.
E)lipids.
Q5) What types of mutations are the most harmful, and why?
Q6) Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
Q7) If a certain stretch of DNA reads ATTACGAG, what would the corresponding tRNA sequence be?
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Chapter 8: Reproduction and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules
A)will divide to become sperm cells.
B)are present to nourish the sperm.
C)produce testosterone.
D)produce cholesterol.
E)produce estrogen.
Q2) Name the male accessory sexual glands and characterize the organs and their secretions.
Q3) Chemical compounds secreted by mammals and insects to communicate sexual readiness are called A)pheromones.
B)developers.
C)hormones.
D)testosterones.
E)estrogens.
Q4) Put the major stages of development in order.
Q5) Describe the events occurring during gastrulation. What is the destination of the cells in the three layers?
Q6) Describe the primary membranes surrounding the human fetus.
Q7) What is a negative feedback loop? How does this apply to sperm production?
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Chapter 9: The Mechanisms of Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Homologous organs
A)are the results of very different genetic blueprints.
B)can have different functions.
C)show structural differences in the embryos but are similar in the adult organisms.
D)are only found within a species.
E)have the same function.
Q2) There are two types of genetic drift. Describe and give an example of the bottleneck effect.
Q3) This type of selection favors both extremes of the phenotype spectrum within a population.
A)directional
B)stabilizing
C)disruptive
D)natural
E)neutral
Q4) How did the concept of biogeography shape Darwin's thinking?
Q5) What can we learn about evolution from biogeography?
Q6) What can we learn about evolution from molecular evidence?
Q7) Although Lamarck's hypothesis was wrong, it is significant. Why?
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Chapter 10: Lifes Origins and Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many scientists feel that we are headed toward another mass extinction because of man's actions and our effect on the ecosystem Earth. What have we learned from previous mass extinctions that may provide an idea of the consequences of such a mass extinction? What should man do to try to prevent such an occurrence?
Q2) Eukaryotic cells are thought to have A)appeared about 2.1 billion years ago.
B)first appeared as parts of multicellular organisms. C)evolved before prokaryotic cells.
D)developed when mitochondria grew much larger in size that they had been previously. E)first appeared with tough cell walls.
Q3) When taxonomists classify organisms using a phylogenetic approach, they are most concerned with A)derived traits. B)ancestral traits.
C)cladists.
D)outgroups.
E)ingroups.
Q4) Why are most Hawaiian silverswords found at high altitudes?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Single-Celled Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Red tides are caused by A)formaniferans.
B)dinoflagellates.
C)many different organisms from many different classification groups.
D)sea weeds.
E)ciliates.
Q2) What gram-positive organisms are the smallest living cells?
A)actinomycetes
B)halophiles
C)prions
D)mycoplasmas
E)cyanobacteria
Q3) What benefits do plant-eating animals receive from the bacteria that live in their guts?
Q4) Discuss some of the differences between organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Q5) When a person visits the doctor with a bacterial infection, one of the first lab tests on the patient will tell the doctor whether the bacteria are gram-negative or gram-positive. Why is this important information for a doctor to have before deciding on treatment?
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Chapter 12: Fungi and Plants: Decomposers and Producers
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Sample Questions
Q1) What role does the plant cell wall compound lignin play in the adaptation of plants to a land environment?
Q2) Plants have adapted to dry land by evolving all of the following except Association with mycorrhizae to improve mineral uptake.
A)secreting a waxy coating to prevent water loss.
B)forms of chlorophyll more efficient at capturing light.
C)tissues to conduct water through the plant.
D)structures to protect reproductive cells and embryos.
Text
Q3) Asexually produced fungal spores are ______, whereas fungal cells produced sexually, by the fusion of two mating strains, are _______.
A)haploid; dikaryons
B)haploid; diploid
C)diploid; dikaryons
D)diploid; haploid
E)dikaryons; diploid
Q4) How does a fungus receive nourishment from its environment?
Q5) List the four types of gymnosperms. What characteristics do they have in common? What sets each group apart?
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Chapter 13: The Evolution and Diversity of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is true about the invertebrates?
A)They are all deuterostomes.
B)Among these animals, the initial indentation in the embryonic ball always becomes the anus.
C)All invertebrates share bilateral symmetry.
D)They include the simplest living animals.
E)Invertebrates only have a simple backbone.
Q2) Which of the following adaptations to life on land is found in both insects and modern reptiles?
A)ability to fly
B)tracheae to distribute oxygen
C)two pairs of walking legs
D)metamorphosis from a larval form
E)body surfaces that resist evaporation
Q3) The exoskeleton of arthropods
A)grows with the animal.
B)is not waterproof.
C)contains chitin.
D)is important for the animal's digestion.
E)has no functional use.
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Chapter 14: Ecology of Populations and Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define niche. Based on your definition, describe the niche of the yellowtail flounder.
Q2) A survivorship curve similar in shape to that seen in humans might be expected to be seen in A)elephants.
B)domestic cows.
C)whales.
D)a rhinoceros.
E)any of the above.
Q3) The carrying capacity of white-tailed deer in a certain habitat is 10 deer/km<sup>2</sup>. The deer population is presently 5 deer/ km<sup>2</sup>. Which of the following predictions is most likely for this deer population?
A)A population decrease.
B)A population increase.
C)A population that will remain at 5 deer/ km<sup>2</sup>.
D)A population that will reach 30 deer/ km<sup>2 </sup>and then experience a crash.
E)A population that will be controlled by intrinsic regulating mechanisms.
Q4) Explain the concept of a keystone species.
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Chapter 15: Ecosystems and the Biosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Edith's checkerspot butterflies are considered "indicator species" because they
A)can determine the make up of the community of organisms through predation.
B)are signals for the presence of predators that prey on the butterflies.
C)are important signals of ecological change.
D)are only present during certain seasons.
E)indicate when food supplies are low by changing their behavior.
Q2) Compare the movement of energy and materials through an ecosystem.
Q3) What organisms convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonium or nitrates that can be used by plants?
A)tertiary consumers
B)nitrogen-fixing bacteria
C)fish
D)legumes
E)corn and other grains
Q4) Which of the following are cycled in an ecosystem?
A)carbon
B)heat
C)phosphorous
D)carbon and heat
E)carbon and phosphorous
17
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Chapter 16: Body Function, Survival, and the Steady State
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the production and action of ADH.
Q2) To overcome the water/salt balance problem, fish have specialized cells that can either take in salts or excrete salts that are located in their A)kidneys.
B)lungs.
C)gills.
D)pharynx.
E)skin.
Q3) What process in the kidney makes drug testing of urine possible?
Q4) Freshwater fish must excrete ______ and actively accumulate _______.
A)water; urea
B)urea; water
C)salt; urea
D)water; salt
E)urea; water.
Q5) How does the hypothalamus act to maintain body temperature? Include behavioral and physiological responses to both heat and cold.
Q6) What are the three types of muscle, and where are they found?
Q7) Describe the macroscopic anatomy of the human excretory system.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Circulation and Respiration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Respiration is controlled by sensors and effectors in the brain and carotid arteries that respond to a rise in ______ by ______ the rate of breathing.
