Principles of Biology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Principles of Biology provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental concepts of biological science. This course explores the structure and function of living organisms, from the molecular and cellular levels to the complexity of ecosystems. Topics include cell biology, genetics, evolution, physiology, ecology, and the interactions between organisms and their environments. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and discussions, students gain an understanding of how scientific principles relate to real-world biological processes and develop critical thinking skills necessary for further study in the life sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now 2nd Edition by Anne Houtman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recently,beekeepers have noticed an alarming and sudden disappearance of honeybees from their hives.Some beekeepers and environmentalists worry that crops genetically engineered to produce Bt insecticidal toxin may be killing the bees.Without data from a scientific experiment,is it reasonable to state that Bt-containing crops are responsible for the loss of honeybees?
A) Yes, because it is obviously the Bt crops killing the bees.
B) Yes, because there cannot possibly be any other explanation for the loss of the honeybees.
C) No, because there is no reason to suspect that an insecticide would kill honeybees.
D) No, because there could be some other unknown or unmentioned factor affecting the survival of honeybees.
Answer: D
Q2) What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms?
A) They make their own energy.
B) They grow and develop.
C) They evolve through time.
D) They are composed of one or more cells.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Evaluating Scientific Claims
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Q1) You are reading an article in <i>National Geographic</i> regarding the evolution of humans.This would be an example of ________ literature.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) peer-reviewed scientific journal
D) meta-analysis
Answer: B
Q2) The federally funded Centers for Disease Control routinely collect and evaluate data regarding communicable diseases.This information helps researchers make recommendations regarding vaccination schedules for children and adults.This is an example of
A) basic research.
B) applied research.
C) a case-control study.
D) a cohort study.
Answer: A
Q3) review articles found in peer-reviewed scientific journals
A)primary
B)secondary
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following could be built solely from glucose molecules?
A) fatty acids
B) DNA
C) oils
D) starch
Answer: D
Q2) Neighboring water molecules are held together with hydrogen bonds because
A) partially negatively charged oxygen atoms and partially positively charged hydrogen atoms on separate water molecules are attracted to one another.
B) the hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a single water molecule share electrons equally.
C) the oxygen and hydrogen atoms that participate in hydrogen bonding are sharing electrons within a single valence shell.
D) ionic interactions repel water molecules from hydrophobic oils that may be present in a solution.
Answer: A
Q3) The positively charged subatomic particle is located in the ________.
Answer: nucleus
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Chapter 4: Life Is Cellular
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Q1) A cell containing a nucleus,mitochondria,Golgi apparatus,both smooth and rough ER,ribosomes,cytoskeleton,a large vacuole,and chloroplasts would be an example of a typical ________ cell.
Q2) central vacuole
A)photosynthesis
B)regulate what moves in and out of cell
C)structure and support for cell
D)lipid synthesis
E)tags proteins for movement
F)enzymatic breakdown of large molecules
G)protein synthesis
H)cellular respiration
I)water and solute storage
J)location of DNA
K)internal organization and structural support
Q3) Which of the following types of organisms are single-celled (unicellular)?
A) bacteria, yeast, and many protozoans
B) many fungi, some protozoans, and plants
C) plants and animals
D) many fungi, plants, and animals
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Chapter 5: How Cells Work
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Q1) After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a(n)________ in the concentration of
A) increase; reactants
B) increase; the enzyme
C) decrease; the enzyme D) increase; products
Q2) Chemical reactions that break down lipids are A) catabolic.
B) anabolic.
C) metabolic.
D) respiration.
Q3) Defend the following statement by discussing the importance of the products of photosynthesis:
"The evolution of photosynthesis was an essential event for the evolution of life as we know it."
Q4) A cell is found that uses sunlight to produce ATP,but it does not produce NADPH.The portion of the light reaction that is not functioning is ________.
Q5) A hypothetical chemical forms a permanent bond between the phosphates in ATP.How would this affect the cell?
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Chapter 6: Cell Division
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Q1) In order to increase their supply of nutrients,tumors undergo ________,the formation of new blood vessels.
Q2) Patricia Hunt determined that bisphenol A (BPA)was hindering the process of meiosis in the ovaries of the mice in her experiment.BPA disrupted the ability of the chromosomes to separate into four haploid cells.Which of the following statements describes possible outcome(s)of this disruption?
A) All four resulting cells will have exactly half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell.
B) Three of the resulting cells will have exactly half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell. The fourth cell will have double the chromosome number found in the mother cell.
C) Two of the resulting cells will have exactly half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell. The other two cells will have exactly triple the chromosome number found in the mother cell.
D) Two of the resulting cells may have exactly half the chromosome number of the mother cell. One cell may have half the chromosome number of the mother cell plus one or more extra chromosomes, while the remaining cell would have less than half the number of chromosomes found in the mother cell.
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Chapter 7: Patterns of Inheritance
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Q1) Which of the following statements regarding genes is NOT true?
A) Genes are located on chromosomes.
B) Genes consist of a long sequence of DNA.
C) Genes are the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait.
D) Genes are found as single copies in cells other than sperm or egg.
Q2) A parent with curly hair and a parent with straight hair produce a child with wavy hair.
A)incomplete dominance
B)epistasis
C)polygenic
D)pleiotropy
E)codominance
F)Mendelian trait
Q3) two heterozygous straight hair rabbits
A)0 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent
E)100 percent
Q4) A Punnett square shows the possible ways that alleles combine to form________.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Q1) Which of the following genetic changes would NOT be passed from parent to child?
A) a mutation in a skin cell
B) the loss of a chromosome in a sperm cell
C) the addition of a chromosome in an egg cell
D) a translocation in a gamete
Q2) Explain how an individual who has both an X and a Y sex chromosome would develop embryologically as a female instead of a male.
Q3) The sex of a human child is determined by the A) loci.
B) egg.
C) presence or absence of specific autosomes.
D) presence or absence of the Y chromosome.
Q4) One chromosomal abnormality that is usually fatal is A) a mutation in a gene.
B) an exchange of material between homologous chromosomes.
C) extra copies of sex chromosomes.
D) the addition of an extra autosomal chromosome.
Q5) Why are dominant genetic disorders more rare than recessive disorders?
Q6) X-linked disorders more commonly affect males than females because males have only one ________ chromosome.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: What Genes Are
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Q1) DNA fingerprinting is based on regions of DNA that are variable between individuals.Many of these differences between individuals produce no change in phenotype.This type of mutation is a(n)
A) deletion.
B) insertion.
C) silent mutation.
D) substitution mutation.
Q2) A rapidly dividing cell is exposed to a chemical that converts the bond that forms between adenine and thymine to a stronger covalent bond.Which of the following is MOST likely to occur?
A) DNA replication would produce two molecules of DNA with mutations at every base that once held an A-T base pair.
B) DNA replication would not occur because the two nucleotide strands that make up the DNA molecule would not be able to separate.
C) DNA replication would occur more slowly because DNA repair proteins would have to fix the covalent bonds before replication could begin.
D) DNA replication would be faster because covalent bonds require less energy to break than hydrogen bonds.
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Chapter 10: How Genes Work
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Q1) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter more easily.
A)Transcription is up-regulated.
B)Transcription is down-regulated.
C)Translation is up-regulated.
D)Translation is down-regulated.
Q2) A silent mutation is a mutation where a DNA nucleotide has changed,but the resulting protein is identical to the protein produced before the mutation.Explain why such a mutation is possible.
Q3) Which of the following is true of rRNA?
A) It is made up of base pairs.
B) It carries amino acids.
C) It is not translated.
D) It helps transcribe DNA.
Q4) Each set of three bases in an mRNA molecule codes for one of 20 specific
A) rRNA molecules.
B) nucleotides.
C) amino acids.
D) proteins.
Q5) The genetic code is ________,which means that all cells use the same code.
Page 12
Q6) Explain what is meant by "redundancy" in the genetic code.
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Chapter 11: Evidence for Evolution
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Q1) Peppered moths are generally light in color and blend into the trunks of the trees on which they live.Populations of peppered moths found in areas where soot has blackened the tree trunks are dark in color.This example demonstrates
A) artificial selection.
B) natural selection.
C) genetic drift.
D) vestigial coloration.
Q2) Breeding programs for farm-raised chickens result in a variety of unusual colors and feathers.Is this an example of evolution?
A) No; domesticated animals do not undergo evolution.
B) No; evolution occurs over long periods of time and cannot be observed.
C) Yes; chickens that are better adapted to the environment will survive and breed.
D) Yes; the change in chicken coloration is a genetic change in the population over time.
Q3) Dolphin embryos have both forelimbs,which will become the flippers,and hind limbs,which will not develop.Explain how this supports the conclusion that dolphins are related to humans.
Q4) Continental drift is the ________ of Earth's landmasses through geologic time.
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Chapter 12: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Q1) Compare and contrast bottleneck and founder effect.
Q2) Overfishing results in an endangered fish population with a very small population size.
A)genetic drift
B)genetic bottleneck
C)founder effect
D)gene flow
E)natural selection
Q3) An area consists of dark and light rocks.Mouse populations that live on the dark rocks tend to be darkly colored; mouse populations that live on the light rocks tend to be lightly colored.
A)genetic drift
B)genetic bottleneck
C)founder effect
D)gene flow
E)natural selection
Q4) Around 12,000 years ago,a massive extinction event decimated about 75 percent of the world's large mammal populations.A small number of cheetahs survived this event and began to reproduce.Discuss the implications of this event on the genetic diversity of today's cheetah population.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Adaptation and Species
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Q1) Some freshwater snail eggs are accidentally introduced into a new habitat that is geographically isolated from the original population.Which of the following must occur before these snails are described as two separate species?
A) gene flow
B) sympatric speciation
C) adaptation
D) genetic divergence
Q2) The formation of a new species
A) can occur any time genetic divergence occurs.
B) can only occur when two populations are geographically isolated.
C) can only occur when two populations are sympatric.
D) is a process that stopped occurring thousands of years ago.
Q3) Two birds with distinct differences in their plumage successfully mate and produce viable,fertile offspring.Using the biological species concept,explain whether these two birds would be defined as a single species.Also address whether you would require more information to make this determination.
Q4) The great diversity of life on Earth is caused by the formation of new species in a process known as ________.
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Chapter 14: The History of Life
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Q1) production of chitin to strengthen and protect the body
A)gymnosperms
B)angiosperms
C)plants
D)animals
E)chordates
F)fungi
Q2) The Cambrian explosion
A) caused a lack of air in Earth's atmosphere.
B) was caused by an increase in volcanic activity.
C) was volcanic in nature.
D) increased the diversity of animal life on Earth.
Q3) Explain two ways that mass extinctions can have a profound impact on evolved biodiversity in the ecosystem.
Q4) The most recent mass extinction,which occurred during the Cretaceous period,may have been caused by
A) extra heat from the sun.
B) the pull of the moon on Earth.
C) the dinosaurs.
D) an asteroid hitting Earth.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Bacteria and Archaea
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Q1) a prokaryote that consumes organic matter to obtain energy and carbon
A)photoheterotroph
B)chemoautotroph
C)photoautotroph
D)chemoheterotroph
Q2) membrane-enclosed organelles
A)prokaryotes only
B)eukaryotes only
C)both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Q3) Archaeans found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents would be expected to
A) use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
B) obtain energy from inorganic chemicals.
C) produce oxygen gas as a by-product.
D) obtain energy from sunlight.
Q4) capsule
A)prokaryotes only
B)eukaryotes only
C)both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Q5) A prokaryote that uses carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy is called a(n)________.
17
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Chapter 16: Plants, Fungi, and Protists
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Q1) Some protozoa move and obtain food using shape-changing,cellular projections called ________.
Q2) Eukaryotic DNA is enclosed in two concentric layers of cell membranes that form the ________ in the eukaryotic cell.
A) nuclear envelope
B) nucleoid
C) Golgi apparatus
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum
Q3) <i>Cycas revoluta</i> and <i>Zamia furfuracea</i> are species of cycads commonly used as ornamental plants in landscaping.Both species can grow fairly large and produce naked seeds on very large and unusual-looking cones made of specialized leaves.Neither of these species produces flowers.These species are examples of A) gymnosperms.
B) bryophytes.
C) angiosperms.
D) ferns.
Q4) Fungi are similar to animals in that they store surplus food energy in the form of ________.
Q5) Lipids and hormones are manufactured within the eukaryotic cell's ________.
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Chapter 17: Animals and Human Evolution
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of the last segment of an arthropod's body having evolved into a beneficial trait?
A) human thorax with an arm
B) bird thorax with a wing
C) lizard abdomen with a leg
D) wasp abdomen with a stinger
Q2) Which of the following organisms displays bilateral symmetry?
A) sponges
B) jellyfish
C) bees
D) amoeba
Q3) How is nuclear DNA inherited?
A) All nuclear DNA is inherited from the father's ancestral line.
B) Seventy-five percent of nuclear DNA is inherited from the mother's ancestral line and 25 percent from the father's ancestral line.
C) All nuclear DNA is inherited from the mother's ancestral line.
D) Fifty percent of nuclear DNA is inherited from the mother's ancestral line and 50 percent from the father's ancestral line.
Q4) Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees.Humans and chimpanzees share a
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Chapter 18: General Principles of Ecology
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Q1) Cutting down trees in a forest can affect the flow of a river.This is an example of a(n)________ factor affecting a(n)________ factor.
A) biotic; biotic
B) abiotic; biotic
C) biotic; abiotic
D) abiotic; abiotic
Q2) Humans are ________ factors ________ the biosphere.
A) biotic; within B) biotic; outside
C) abiotic; within D) abiotic; outside
Q3) Over one particular week in August,the average air temperature is 36°C in the Midwestern United States.This is a reference to A) climate.
B) weather.
C) climate change.
D) global warming.
Q4) The widespread,long-term pattern of weather in a region is called ________.
Q5) How does deforestation in a tropical rainforest affect the water cycle?
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Chapter 19: Growth of Populations
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Q1) In nature,populations tend to experience unpredicted rises and falls in population size.This type of change is called a(n)________.
Q2) For most populations,irregular fluctuations in size or density
A) are less commonly experienced than the smooth J-shaped growth curve. B) occur commonly before carrying capacity is reached. C) are more common than the smooth J-shaped growth curve. D) occur only when density-independent factors dominate.
Q3) A population of 10 yeast cells is put into a flask with growth media that contains all the nutrients required for growth.The yeast has a doubling time of 2 hours; 4 hours after adding the yeast to the flask the population size is 40 cells.After 3 days the population size stabilizes at around 500 cells.Is this population exhibiting logistic or exponential growth? Explain your reasoning.
Q4) Yeast cells fill a broth-filled flask,resources become constrained,and growth is limited.
A)density-dependent population change
B)density-independent population change
Q5) If there are 100 people living in a 2-square-kilometer area,the population density is ________ people per square kilometer.
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Chapter 20: Communities of Organisms
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Q1) What statement best describes a parasitic relationship?
A) Both the parasite and the host benefit.
B) Only the parasite benefits; the host is harmed.
C) Both the parasite and the host are harmed.
D) Only the host benefits; the parasite is harmed.
Q2) Secondary succession,rather than primary succession,would be most likely to occur
A) on an island that has just risen out of the ocean.
B) on bare ground exposed by the retreat of a glacier.
C) on the surface of recently cooled lava.
D) in a forest that had burned to bare ground.
Q3) Ecological communities
A) have clearly fixed boundaries and are always defined on the same scale.
B) can be nested within larger ecological communities.
C) are defined as groups of four or more species within a given area.
D) are groups of species that do not fluctuate over time.
Q4) Compare and contrast exploitative and interference competition.
Q5) ________ consumers feed on primary consumers as part or all of their diet.
Q6) How does primary succession differ from secondary succession?
Q7) A(n)________ is a single sequence of who eats whom in a community.
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Chapter 21: Ecosystems
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Q1) If there are 50 kcal of energy in the tertiary consumer trophic level,how many kcal would be expected in the primary consumer level?
A) 50
B) 100
C) 500
D) 5,000
Q2) Should the scientific community accept,without questions,Boyce,Worm,and Lewis's hypothesis that Earth's oceans are losing 500 million tons of phytoplankton per year? Support your answer.
Q3) Which of the following statements about cycling within an ecosystem is FALSE?
A) Energy is recycled within an ecosystem.
B) Carbon is recycled within an ecosystem.
C) The sedimentary nutrient cycle cycles nutrients very slowly.
D) Human activities affect nutrient cycling.
Q4) Use examples to explain how an ecological community differs from an ecosystem.
Q5) Why don't ecosystems always have sharply defined physical boundaries?
Q6) Regions of Earth that are defined by their unique climatic and ecological features are known as ________.The flora and fauna residing there are particularly adapted to the climate and defining ecological features.
Page 23
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