Principles of Biology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Principles of Biology introduces students to the fundamental concepts that govern living systems, focusing on the structure, function, and diversity of life. Topics include the molecular and cellular basis of life, genetics and evolution, energy transformations, and the interactions of organisms within ecosystems. Through lectures, laboratory experiences, and discussions, students develop a foundational understanding of biological processes and scientific methodology, preparing them for advanced study in the life sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Sterns Introductory Plant Biology 13th Edition by James Bidlack
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Plant Biology
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Q1) Which of the following scientists would more likely be concerned with the rate of photosynthesis in leaves?
A) plant anatomist
B) plant physiologist
C) forester
D) plant geneticist
E) plant geographer
Answer: B
Q2) An early English botanist who described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors was
A)Nehemiah Grew.
B)Sir Joseph D.Hooker.
C)Charles Claude Smythe.
D)James Worthington.
E)Anton L.Bortenschlager.
Answer: A
Q3) Plants can live without humans but humans cannot live without plants.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Life
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Q1) At present the number of elements naturally occurring on earth is __________.
A) less than 90
B) 93
C) 98
D) 104
E) more than 105
Answer: B
Q2) If hydrogen atoms are attached to every available attachment point of fatty acid carbon atoms in a fat, the fat is said to be unsaturated.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The number of naturally occurring amino acids is ________________.
A) 20
B) 600
C) less than 10
D) 35
E) 64
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cells
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Q1) Which of the following are primary constituents of cell membranes?
A) nucleotides
B) phospholipids
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates
E) steroids
Answer: B
Q2) Cyclosis is another name for the cell cycle.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is/are generally credited with developing the cell theory?
A) R. J. H. Dutrochet
B) Nehemiah Grew
C) Robert Hooke
D) Rudolph Virchow
E) Schleiden and Schwann
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Tissues
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Q1) What cell type is NOT found in the xylem of flowering plants?
A) vessel elements
B) ray cells
C) fibers
D) companion cells
E) tracheids
Q2) The primary function of sieve tubes is conduction of sugar.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a meristematic tissue?
A) parenchyma
B) cork cambium
C) xylem
D) collenchyma
E) epidermis
Q4) Nectar is an example of a substance transported in the xylem tissue.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Roots and Soils
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Q1) The region of elongation is characterized by ______________.
A) root hair production
B) development of the root cap
C) producing ground meristem
D) production of branch roots
E) increase in size of cells
Q2) The arrangement of soil particles into groups called aggregates refers to
A) soil structure.
B) soil texture.
C) parent material.
D) micelles.
E) soil nutrients.
Q3) In addition to anchoring a plant, roots usually function directly in which of the following processes?
A) Photosynthesis.
B) Production of new leaves.
C) Production of bud scales.
D) Absorption of minerals in solution.
E) All of these answers are correct.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Stems
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Q1) The pattern of growth in a woody stem that allows someone to determine the age of the stem results from
A) growth of the apical meristem
B) growth of the cork cambium
C) production of spring and summer wood by vascular cambium
D) development of knots
E) all of these answers are correct
Q2) Roots produced on rhizomes are adventitious.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A cladophyll is a stem with thick bark.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The leaf arrangement of a stem with one leaf at each node is called
A) whorled
B) decussate
C) opposite
D) scattered
E) alternate
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Chapter 7: Leaves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sugars produced in photosynthesis are "loaded" into the ______ of the leaf for transport throughout the plant.
A) mesophyll
B) phloem
C) xylem
D) bundle fibers
E) cuticle
Q2) The epidermis of leaves normally is coated with A) suberin.
B) lignin.
C) resin.
D) latex.
E) cutin.
Q3) A leaf arrangement in which there are three or more leaves at a node is called A) alternate.
B) opposite.
C) palmate.
D) whorled.
E) pinnate.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups of fruits is representative of drupes?
A) oranges, lemons, limes
B) strawberries, blackberries, raspberries
C) apples, pears, quinces
D) pineapples, mulberries, figs
E) plums, apricots, coconuts
Q2) In which of the following habitats are flowering plants known to occur?
A) dangling from other plants
B) fresh water
C) underground
D) rock crevices
E) all of these answers are correct
Q3) Seedless fruits that develop without fertilization occurring
A) are said to be apomictic.
B) do not have a mesocarp.
C) are always stimulated to develop by the application of dilute hormone sprays.
D) are said to be parthenocarpic.
E) develop only from a receptacle.
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Chapter 9: Water in Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately how much water typically leaves the plant by transpiration?
A) 90% or more.
B) 25% or less.
C) 75%.
D) 65%.
E) 50%.
Q2) When an entire plant wilts, it is due to _____________.
A) the lack of mineral nutrients
B) the decrease in salt concentration
C) the loss of turgor pressure in leaf and stem cells similar to that of plasmolysis
D) excessive turgor pressure
E) a decrease in cellulose and lignin strengthening cell walls
Q3) A differentially permeable membrane is one that permits anything up to the size of large molecules to pass through.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most plants have their stomata closed during the day and open at night.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fermentation in plants and yeast terminates with the formation of A) ATP.
B) NADPH.
C) Ethyl alcohol.
D) Lactic acid.
E) FADH<sub>2.</sub>
Q2) ADP molecules can become ATP molecules if a phosphate "group" is added to them.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Oxidation is the
A) gaining of electrons.
B) sharing of electrons.
C) loss of protons.
D) loss of electrons.
E) loss of water.
Q4) Resins, gums, oils, and other substances may be manufactured during the process of assimilation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Growth
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Q1) The flowering of Arabidopsis is a result of turning on a gene called _______________________ which produces of a protein that moves from the leaves to the buds to initiate flowering.
A) phytochrome
B) CONSTANS
C) florigen
D) FLOWERING TIME
E) gibberellin
Q2) The suppression of the growth of axillary or lateral buds is called
A) metabolic inhibition.
B) dioxin toxic syndrome.
C) recessive meristem induction.
D) cytokinin-gibberellin negation.
E) apical dominance.
Q3) The plant physiologist credited with the discovery of auxins was A)Frits Went.
B)Charles Darwin.
C)Francis Darwin.
D)R.F.M.van Steveninck.
E)P.F.Wareing.
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Chapter 12: Meiosis and Alternation of Generation
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Q1) At the end of Meiosis I, the total number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is
A) the same as the mother cell
B) doubled (2x the mother cell)
C) four times the number of the mother cell
D) reduced by ½ from the number of the mother cell
E) none of these
Q2) In meiosis
A) spindles are formed during the second division of the process only.
B) an interphase cell with 8 chromosomes ends up as 4 cells, each with 8 chromosomes.
C) a whole chromosome from each pair migrates toward a pole in metaphase II.
D) the chromosomes become shorter and thicker in prophase I.
E) the chromosome number remains the same.
Q3) In meiosis, a doubling of the amount of DNA in each chromosome occurs in A) interphase.
B) prophase I.
C) prophase II.
D) telophase I.
E) telophase II.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Genetics
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Q1) If red is dominant and yellow is recessive as a flower color in a certain species of plants, and if, in the same plants, long hairs are dominant and absence of hair is recessive, and a dihybrid cross involving homozygous parents is made, which of the following phenotypes would NOT appear in the F2 generation?
A) Orange, hairy
B) Yellow, smooth
C) Red, hairy
D) Red, smooth
E) Yellow, hairy
Q2) Mendel discovered the rules of inheritance only after the discoveries of chromosomes and meiosis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Chromosomal mapping primarily involves
A) drawing diagrams of chromosomes to show their relative lengths.
B) photographing chromosomes.
C) cutting and pasting chromosome pictures together.
D) studying prophase II chromosomes in squashed cells.
E) calculating crossover percentages.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Plant Breeding and Propagation
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Q1) Approach grafting is used when two related plants tend not to form grafts very well by other means.
A)True
B)False
Q2) High-yielding crops produced during the green revolution require less water and fertilizer than previously produced crops.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Repair enzymes link DNA fragments together.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When people 'domesticate' plants, we ___________________.
A) harvest them from wild populations
B) plant them in greenhouses
C) tame them
D) alter them genetically to meet our needs
E) claim the land where populations are found and let them continue to grow there
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Chapter 15: Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following provides evidence in support of evolution?
A) Form and ecology of living organisms.
B) Structure and relationships of organic molecules.
C) The fossil record.
D) Geographical distribution of organisms.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q2) Approximately half of present-day plant species are believed to have originated in the past by which of the following events?
A) The proliferation of recessive genes.
B) An increase in organismal sterility.
C) Ultraviolet radiation.
D) Polyploidy.
E) None of these answers are correct.
Q3) During Charles Darwin's lifetime, the earth was thought to be about
A) 15 million years old.
B) 1 million years old.
C) 100,000 years old.
D) a few thousand years old.
E) 2,000 years old.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Plant Names and Classification
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Q1) The science of classifying and naming organisms is called systematics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The kingdom-level classification system is now preceded by the ___________ category, which is based on evolutionary and biochemical characteristics of all living organisms.
A) genus
B) family
C) order
D) division
E) domain
Q3) In the past, all organisms were classified in two kingdoms.Who proposed a three-kingdom system in the 1860s?
A)Linnaeus
B)Hogg and Haeckel
C)H.F.Copeland
D)Theophrastus
E)Tertius Kingston
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Chapter 17: Domain Kingdombacteria, Domain
King-Domarchaea, and Viruses
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Q1) Photosynthetic, algal-like bacteria are A) archaea.
B) cyanobacteria.
C) methanogens.
D) chlorophytes.
E) rickettsias.
Q2) Cells of higher animals that are invaded by viruses produce a protein called A) interferon.
B) cytochrome k.
C) viroamine.
D) phage.
E) fibril.
Q3) Blue-green bacteria, as well as certain other bacteria, can fix nitrogen.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Decomposed organic matter, especially plant matter, improves soil water holding capacity and soil structure but it isn't a very good fertilizer. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Kingdom Protista
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Q1) A thallus is a multicellular flattened algal body that arises from two different planes of cell division.A filament is also a multicellular algal body but it arises from one plane of cell division that is perpendicular to the long axis of the filament.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Spirogyra was so-named because of the spiral shape of its chloroplasts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate food reserve of algae?
A) paramylon
B) laminarin
C) cyanophycin
D) chrysolaminarin
E) floridean starch
Q4) The plant kingdom is considered to be most closely related to the Chlorophyta, as compared to the other algae phyla.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Kingdom Fungi
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Q1) Truffles are the reproductive bodies of
A) cup (sac) fungi.
B) club fungi.
C) imperfect fungi.
D) coenocytic fungi.
E) water molds.
Q2) Yeasts are a source of which of the following?
A) ingredients for explosives
B) medicinal drugs
C) high protein cattle feed
D) B vitamins
E) all of these answers are correct
Q3) Two parasitic fungal diseases classified in the Ascomycota that have completely changed the urban landscape and deciduous forests in eastern North America are
A) ergot and bracket fungi
B) downy mildew and corn blight
C) Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight
D) wheat rust and fire blight
E) None of the above
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Chapter 20: Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes
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Q1) The mother cells within the sporangia on the sporophyte plant undergo _________________ to produce spores.
A) fertilization
B) meiosis
C) mitosis
D) cell division
E) sexual reproduction
Q2) Most mosses reproduce asexually by means of gemmae.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An operculum is a part of the sporophyte generation of a moss.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The three phyla in the bryophytes are thought to have been derived from a common ancestor.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Mosses and liverworts produce embryos that are contained in the archegonium.
A)True
B)False
22
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Chapter 21: The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their
Relatives
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Q1) Archegonia and antheridia are structures where _____________ are produced.
A) spores
B) elaters
C) gametes
D) sporoctyes
E) peristomes
Q2) Cannel coal is fossilized
A) fern spores.
B) fern stems.
C) horsetail and club moss spores.
D) horsetail stems.
E) club moss stems.
Q3) People have used ferns for which of the following purposes?
A) To reduce indoor air pollution.
B) Landscaping.
C) Drugs to promote urination (diuretics).
D) Food.
E) All of these.
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Chapter 22: Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
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Q1) The oldest known living organisms are believed to be redwoods.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which statement about the nucellus is INCORRECT?
A) Nucellus tissue is found within the ovule of the gymnosperms.
B) The nucellus is covered by the integuments.
C) The nucellus plays a role in both male and female gametophytes.
D) The food stored in the nucellus is used by the developing megagametophyte.
E) The ovule, nucellus, and integument are diploid tissues.
Q3) The seeds of ginkgoes have a fleshy covering and look plumlike.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Gymnosperms generally have broad leathery leaves.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gnetophytes have vessels in their xylem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: Seed Plants: Angiosperms
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Q1) The _____ are the most successful group of plants on the earth today, and they are also the most important economically.
A) gymnosperms
B) conifers
C) angiosperms
D) lycopods
E) ferns
Q2) These flower parts are generally green and leaflike.
A) petals
B) sepals
C) stamens
D) carpels
E) stigmas
Q3) Fertilization in angiosperms is characterized as _______________.
A) internal fertilization
B) double fertilization
C) endosporic fertilization
D) redundant fertilization
E) none of these
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Page 25
Chapter 24: Flowering Plants and Civilization
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Q1) Sunflowers consist of a single large pistil surrounded by numerous petals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following drugs is produced by members of the Lily Family?
A) atropine
B) colchicine
C) morphine
D) santonin
E) belladonna
Q3) Which of the following families is characterized by having four petals, four sepals, six stamens, and a silique or silicle for a fruit?
A) Mustard Family
B) Poppy Family
C) Legume Family
D) Cactus Family
E) Mint Family
Q4) Cherries, peaches, plums, and apples belong to the legume family.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Ecology
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Q1) Carbon dioxide comprises approximately what percentage of the atmosphere?
A) 13.38%
B) 3.8%
C) 0.38%
D) 0.038%
E) 0.138%
Q2) Phenology refers to the timing of developmental events, such as germination, flowering and seed production, in the life cycle of a plant.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Succession after a disturbance produces exactly the same plant communities as had existed before the disturbance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Energy is normally completely recycled in an ecosystem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 26: Biomes
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Q1) Eastern North America, south of the northern boreal forest, is dominated by temperate deciduous forests.Within this biome, gradations of annual low and high temperatures and precipitation result in species assemblages such as
A) maple-basswood and oak-hickory forest
B) big bluestem and other grasses
C) spruce, fir and pine
D) cactus and chaparral vegetation
E) broad-leaved evergreen angiosperms
Q2) Tropical rain forests are characterized by high annual rainfall and _____________.
A) nutrient poor soils
B) nutrient rich soils
C) extreme temperature changes
D) seasonal changes in day length
E) high altitude
Q3) Due to permafrost in tundra areas soils are wet and marshy even though the region received limited precipitation.
A)True
B)False
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