Principles of Anthropology
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Anthropology introduces students to the foundational concepts, methods, and subfields of anthropology, including cultural, biological, archaeological, and linguistic anthropology. The course explores human origins and evolution, cultural diversity, social structures, belief systems, language, and the ways in which humans adapt to their environments. Students gain a holistic understanding of what it means to be human, examining both the biological and cultural aspects of human existence through global case studies and comparative analysis. This course provides essential tools for analyzing contemporary social issues, fostering cross-cultural awareness, and appreciating the richness and diversity of human experience across time and space.
Recommended Textbook
Mirror for Humanity A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 7th Edition by Conrad Phillip
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Folate aids in the production of sperm.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) President Barack Obama's mother, Dr.Ann Durham, was a(n)
A)primatologist.
B)cultural and applied anthropologist.
C)biological anthropologist.
D)medical anthropologist.
E)archaeologist. Answer: B
Q3) Anthropology is unique in that it is both holistic and cross-cultural.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Culture is transmitted in society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) The Internet has hindered the process of globalization.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Doing Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on
A)the interpretations of those things that are important to the natives.
B)a particular aspect of culture, such as kinship or religion.
C)the anthropologist's interactions in the culture.
D)the feminist view of culture.
E)a holistic view of all aspects of a culture.
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following strategies is unique to anthropology?
A)Comparison
B)A biological perspective
C)Ethnography
D)An evolutionary perspective
E)Working with skilled respondents
Answer: C
Q3) Interviews can help establish rapport with community members.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Language and Communication
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Q1) What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue?
A)The degree of cultural complexity is related to the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication.
B)The languages people speak influence the way they think.
C)The Hopi do not use three verb tenses; thus, they have no concept of time.
D)Culture determines what language is able to describe.
E)All humans are endowed with the ability to use language.
Q2) What term refers to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences?
A)Syntax
B)Lexicon
C)Grammar
D)Phonology
E)Morphology
Q3) The study of sounds used in speech is known as
A)historical linguistics.
B)sociolinguistics.
C)phonology.
D)morphology.
E)ebonics.
Q4) What are focal vocabularies? Why do they exist?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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Q1) Anthropologists often say that nonindustrial economies are embedded in society.What is meant by this?
Q2) The term alienation is used to describe what phenomenon in industrial economies?
A)Peasants' loss of land
B)An increasing subculture of poverty
C)Negative reciprocity
D)The separation of workers from the things they produce
E)The great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
Q3) An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is known as
A)cultivation.
B)swiddening.
C)fallowing.
D)symbiosis.
E)transhumance.
Q4) What are some of the primary differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging groups?
Q5) Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.
A)True
B)False
7
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Chapter 6: Political Systems
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Q1) Which of the following statements about leaders in foraging bands is true?
A)They retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class.
B)They inherited privileged access to strategic resources.
C)They maintain control by conquering foreign territories.
D)They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
E)They are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.
Q2) Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In nonstate societies, relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage are essential to sociopolitical organization.Discuss two ethnographic cases that illustrate this point.
Q4) The most inhumane, coercive, and degrading form of stratification is A)proletarianism.
B)vertical mobility.
C)slavery.
D)an open-class system.
E)capitalism.
Q5) What are some of the ways in which social order is maintained in band and tribal societies?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Families, Kinship, and Marriage
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Q1) Why does bridewealth stabilize marriages?
Q2) The gift that a wife's group gives to her husband's family is known as A)polygyny.
B)bridewealth.
C)dowry.
D)progeny price.
E)brideservice.
Q3) Which of the following statements about the incest taboo is true?
A)Incest is tabooed only in societies that practice patrilocal residence.
B)The incest taboo is a feature of a capitalist economy.
C)The incest taboo does not eliminate incest.
D)Anthropologists, like Kottak, predominantly believe that the incest taboo has a genetic basis.
E)Incest was not documented in classic ethnographies and has only recently been the focus of research in anthropology.
Q4) A descent group consists of a married couple and their children.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the six things that Leach argued marriage can accomplish?
Q6) In what ways has industrialism affected North American family organization?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between sex and gender? Why is it important to understand this distinction?
Q2) Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is not true?
A)Anthropologists view sexual orientation as learned, malleable, and culturally constructed.
B)Culture plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm.
C)Individuals differ in every society on the nature, range, and intensity of their sexual interests.
D)Sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its expression.
E)Four forms of sexual orientation-heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality-are found throughout the world.
Q3) More than half the households in America with incomes below the poverty line are headed by women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What social, political, and economic conditions influence gender stratification and violence against women?
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10
Chapter 9: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Belief in mana was especially prominent in
A)the North Pacific coast of North America.
B)Madagascar.
C)ancient Greece.
D)Melanesia.
E)sub-Saharan Africa.
Q2) During the liminal phase of a rite of passage, participants occupy ambiguous social positions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?
A)Animism
B)Magic
C)Religion
D)A rite of passage
E)Pantheism
Q4) Contrast ritual behavior with ordinary behavior.Give examples of religious and secular rituals.What are the main differences between such kinds of ritual?
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) The British notion of "the white man's burden" was similar to the French concept of mission civilisatrice in that both were ethnocentric ideologies used to justify colonialism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit?
A)Stock
B)Proletariat
C)Caste
D)Bourgeoisie
E)Capital
Q4) What are the core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?
Q5) Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England rather than in France?
Q6) How did Marx and Weber's views on stratification differ?
Q7) What is the world-system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) The hypodescent rule is applied to individuals who are racially "pure."
A)True
B)False
Q2) In what sense are nationalities "imagined communities"?
A)Modern nationalities are imagined because all were created by colonial governments.
B)Despite their shared feeling of comradeship, most members of a nationality will never meet; they only imagine that they participate in the group.
C)Nationalities do not exist in real terms; they are merely fictional constructs of the ruling intelligentsia.
D)Nationalities are comprised of many different ethnic groups and subcultures, and therefore may disintegrate at any moment.
E)The members of a nationality constantly compare their society to an idealized, quasi-historical past.
Q3) What is discrimination? Explain the differences between de facto and de jure discrimination, and give examples of each.
Q4) What is hypodescent? Does it exist in every human society?
Q5) Explain the notion of "imagined community."
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) Anthropology may help the progress of education by enabling educators to avoid all of the following except
A)indiscriminate assignment of nonnative speakers of English to the same classrooms as children with "behavior problems."
B)tolerance of ethnic diversity.
C)incorrect application of labels (e.g., "learning impaired").
D)sociolinguistic discrimination.
E)ethnic stereotyping.
Q2) During World War II, the U.S.government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German culture.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Development anthropology refers to the branch of anthropology that uses data collected in local settings to formulate theories about the development of culture through time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the fallacy of underdifferentiation? What are some possible alternatives to it?
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Chapter 13: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) What term refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures?
A)Diasporation
B)Symbolic domination
C)Cultural imperialism
D)Conquest
E)Colonialism
Q2) Conservation projects have traditionally been sensitive to the ethnoecologies of indigenous people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Forces influencing production and consumption are no longer restricted by national boundaries.
A)True
B)False
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