Primatology Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Primatology is the scientific study of non-human primates, including their evolution, behavior, ecology, genetics, and conservation. This course introduces students to the diversity of primate species such as lemurs, monkeys, and apes exploring their anatomical and physiological adaptations as well as their social structures, communication, and cognitive abilities. Students will examine the evolutionary history of primates, the methods used in primatological research, and the current threats facing primate populations worldwide. Through case studies and field research, the course highlights the significance of primatology in understanding human evolution and in developing effective conservation strategies to protect endangered species.
Recommended Textbook
Human Evolution and Culture Highlights of Anthropology 8th Edition by Carol R. Ember
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?
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Q1) Which of the following may be trained in any or all of the subfields of anthropology?
A) applied anthropologist
B) biological anthropologist
C) ethnologist
D) political anthropologist
Answer: A
Q2) Because historians rely on written records,they are limited to societies that existed within the last __________ years.
A) 5,000
B) 10,000
C) 50,000
D) 1,000
Answer: A
Q3) Compared to the historian,the archaeologist is __________.
A) more likely to study very ancient cultures
B) less likely to analyze written records of ancient societies
C) more likely to analyze written records of ancient societies
D) more likely to study how societies change over time
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Research Methods in Anthropology
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Q1) Dual-inheritance theory relates to the roles of __________ and __________ in transmitting traits to future generations.
A) genes; culture
B) culture; lineage
C) genes; diet
D) diet; lineage
Answer: A
Q2) How does the sampling universe vary based on the types of research in anthropology? Explain what a typical sampling universe would look like for within-culture comparisons,cross-cultural research,and historical research.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1.Distinction between within-culture,cross-cultural,and historical research
2.Clear definition of sampling universe
3.Understanding of variability in practicality and need with different types of research
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Chapter 3: Genetics and Evolution
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Q1) If two alleles for a trait are the same,the organism is __________ for the trait.
A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygous
D) bizygous
Answer: A
Q2) How do we know that genetic mutations are not always bad?
A) They are relatively frequent, but often have little to no effect.
B) They occur so rarely that their impact on the population is negligible.
C) We routinely analyze cells for mutations through simple blood tests.
D) All regularly occurring mutations have now been found and classified.
Answer: A
Q3) What is the focus of molecular anthropology?
A) genetic mutations
B) bioengineering
C) recombination
D) genes and behavior
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) In 1994,__________ published The Bell Curve,a book arguing that there is a causal link between race and intelligence.
A) Hernstein and Murray
B) Boas and Weber
C) Sapir and Wharf
D) Ember and Ember
Q2) Some people use the word "race" as an explanation of the quality of a culture.What is their argument?
A) They believe that "developed" nations are "white," while the "underdeveloped" nations are not.
B) They believe that "underdeveloped" nations are white, while the "developed" nations are not.
C) They maintain that, throughout history, "inferior races" had "inferior cultures."
D) They maintain that the quality of a culture is very hard to measure.
Q3) Do you think the perpetuation of human variability or the creation of an invariable "perfect" human is a better goal for the future of humanity? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 5: Primates: Past and Present
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Q1) From what group of animals do scientists believe primates developed?
A) insectivores
B) carnivores
C) reptiles
D) amphibians
Q2) Although it was a hominoid,in what way was Proconsul unlike any living ape?
A) It was primarily an arboreal quadruped.
B) It had a tail.
C) It was nocturnal.
D) It had a mostly solitary lifestyle.
Q3) Where is the best record of Oligocene anthropoid fossils located?
A) the Fayum
B) Olduvai Gorge
C) the U.S. southwest
D) the Gobi desert
Q4) What is one simple distinction between lorises and bush babies?
A) Lorises move much more slowly than bush babies.
B) Lorises are more terrestrial than bush babies.
C) Lorises eat insects, and bush babies are vegetarian.
D) Lorises are diurnal, and bush babies are nocturnal.
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Chapter 6: The First Hominins and the Emergence of Homo
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Q1) The first clear evidence of stone tools appears more than __________ million years after the appearance of bipedalism.
A) 2
B) 4
C) 7
D) 10
Q2) The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.
A) food sharing
B) vegetarianism
C) bipedalism
D) pair bonding
Q3) In which set of bones could you see evidence of bipedal locomotion?
A) pelvis
B) rib cage
C) shoulder
D) elbows
Q4) Discuss and evaluate the various theories on the evolution of bipedalism.
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Chapter 7: The Emergence of Homo sapiens and the Upper
Paleolithic World
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Q1) How has our understanding of the relationship between Neandertals and humans changed over time?
Q2) How do anthropologists know that Native Americans originally came from Asia?
A) The two groups share biological features, such as tooth forms and blood type.
B) Both groups of people tend to have black hair and dark eyes.
C) There was no path available for migration other than the one from Asia.
D) Native Americans have many traditions and stories that relate to Asian culture.
Q3) A 9,300-year-old skeleton known as Kennewick Man was the subject of a long legal battle involving the ownership of Native American remains.With which group of people would Kennewick Man most likely be associated?
A) Paleo-Indians
B) Maglemosians
C) Later Stone Age
D) Cro-Magnon
Q4) What environmental change was associated with the disappearance of the glaciers?
A) sea levels rose
B) the inland lakes dried up
C) the tundra extended farther south
D) storms became more common
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Chapter 8: Food Production and the Rise of States
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Q1) How could archaeologists estimate the amount of food Epipaleolithic people could gather from harvesting wild grains?
A) through experimentation by replicating Paleolithic tools and conditions
B) through analysis of the amount of grains in the diet through dental wear analysis
C) through calculation of the calorie yield for an average field of wild grain
D) through an estimate of the amount of domesticated grain that can be gathered in one season
Q2) Among archaic peoples of Mesoamerica,__________ were located near seasonally abundant resources.
A) macrobands
B) mesobands
C) microbands
D) broadbands
Q3) The wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated __________.
A) maize
B) barley
C) wheat
D) rice
Q4) What is the relationship between states and food production?
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Chapter 9: Culture and Culture Change
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Q1) How does the everyday usage of the term "culture" differ from its academic definition?
A) The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired.
B) The academic definition reflects traits that are only possessed by a segment of the population.
C) The common usage deals only with patterns that have been passed down for generations.
D) The academic definition is narrower than the common usage.
Q2) Which of the following is a major source of new culture?
A) individual variation
B) peer pressure
C) tradition
D) revolution
Q3) Ethnocentrism both hinders our understanding of other peoples' cultures and __________.
A) keeps us from understanding our own customs
B) helps us adopt other peoples' customs for our own uses
C) ensures that our culture will never change
D) reminds us of how much our culture has evolved
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Chapter 10: Communication and Language
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Q1) It is estimated that __________ percent of the world's languages are endangered.
A) 50 to 90
B) 30 to 50
C) 90 to 95
D) 15 to 25
Q2) Which of the following findings would best support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A) a language that lacks gendered pronouns is associated with an acceptance of fluid gender roles
B) multilingual individuals have trouble code-switching in some situations
C) men and women have identical internal syntax and grammar, but choose to speak differently
D) all languages represent the same basic ideas, just in different ways
Q3) Animal systems,such as sound or odor,represent __________ but not
A) communication; language
B) symbolism; communication
C) messages; symbolism
D) language; messages
Q4) Do you believe that grammar is universal? Support your answer with information learned from the study of pidgin,creole,and children's acquisition of language.
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Chapter 11: Economics
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Q1) By "food collection," anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from __________.
A) wild plants and animals
B) wild plants only
C) domesticated plants and animals
D) plants, wild and domesticated
Q2) The spread of agriculture may be linked to the need for __________.
A) territorial expansion
B) more food
C) permanent housing
D) saving animals
Q3) In a(n)__________ production system,most people produce their own food,but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production.
A) tributary
B) domestic
C) industrial
D) communal
Q4) Give specific examples of how you,personally,have recently participated in generalized reciprocity,balanced reciprocity,redistribution,and market exchange.
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Chapter 12: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Q1) What is racism?
A) the belief that some "races" are inferior to others
B) the recognition of biological differences across human groups
C) taking pride in one's heritage or ancestry
D) the idea that your own culture is more moral or logical than other cultures
Q2) How do castes and class systems interact?
A) Castes may exist in conjunction with more open class systems.
B) Castes have been replaced by more open class systems.
C) Castes take the place of more open class systems.
D) Castes are a subset of an open class system.
Q3) How have racial barriers changed in the United States over the years?
A) Some barriers have been lifted, but the "color line" has not yet disappeared.
B) Racial groups remain segregated by a caste-type system.
C) Racial discrimination has been overtaken by gender discrimination.
D) Racial barriers have been essentially eliminated.
Q4) In an egalitarian system,any prestige gained by ability __________.
A) cannot be passed on to one's children
B) is used as a method of finding the best spouse
C) is associated with greater wealth
D) cannot be displayed publicly
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Chapter 13: Sex and Gender
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Q1) Of the following theories anthropologists have proposed to explain how gender roles are divided cross-culturally,which theory says that the demands of pregnancy and nursing limit women to performing tasks close to home,like cooking and gathering wild plants?
A) compatibility-with-child-care
B) economy-of-effort
C) expendability
D) strength
Q2) The rate of success of the women of Coast Salish being elected to council was related to the __________.
A) wealth of the community
B) literacy rate of the community
C) education of the women
D) age of the women
Q3) Societies that frown on sexual expression by young children __________.
A) also punish premarital and extramarital sex
B) do not condone premarital sexual relations but allow extramarital relations
C) allow premarital and extramarital sexual relations
D) condone some premarital sexual expression but not extramarital sex
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Chapter 14: Marriage, Family, and Kinship
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Q1) How are members of a lineage connected?
A) They can trace descent from a common ancestor through known links.
B) They believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor.
C) They are related through frequent marriage between their two communities.
D) They are all members of a multi-generational, extended household.
Q2) Of the following forms of marriage,the rarest is __________.
A) polyandry
B) monogamy
C) the levirate
D) polygyny
Q3) What is the primary contrast between avunculocal and matrilocal societies?
A) Avunculocal societies fight internally, while matrilocal societies fight externally.
B) Avunculocal societies fight externally, while matrilocal societies fight internally.
C) Avunculocal societies have exogamous marriage, while matrilocal societies have endogamous marriage.
D) Avunculocal societies have endogamous marriage, while matrilocal societies have exogamous marriage.
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Chapter 15: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) __________ suggest that when the state relies more heavily on resources from taxpayers,the rulers must give the public more in return or else face noncompliance and rebellion.
A) Collection action theorists
B) Physical anthropologists
C) Political scientists
D) Economists
Q2) In contrast to band societies,groups with tribal organizations tend to be __________.
A) food producers
B) egalitarian
C) nomadic
D) stratified
Q3) Societies with tribal political organization are similar to band societies in their tendency to be __________.
A) egalitarian
B) caste-based
C) ranked
D) open caste-based
Q4) Compare and contrast the political life of bands and tribal organizations.
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Chapter 16: Religion and Magic
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Q1) Edward Tylor hypothesized that religion grew out of __________.
A) people's speculation about dreams, trances, and death
B) pure anxiety about death
C) animistic beliefs and practices
D) childhood anxieties and beliefs that were carried into adulthood
Q2) Beatrice Whiting suggests that sorcery or witchcraft will be found in societies that __________.
A) lack procedures or authorities to deal with crime
B) have a high degree of social inequality
C) have recently had a traumatic social upheaval
D) lack dependable access to vital resources
Q3) Analyze the different explanations put forth to explain the universality of religion.
Q4) What secular goal have anthropologists suggested as a reason for the existence of human sacrifice?
A) an attempt to terrorize people from other polities
B) a way to reduce overpopulation
C) to provide a deterrent for violent crime
D) to scare the citizens into obedience
Q5) Outline the ways in which people interact with the supernatural.
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Chapter 17: The Arts
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Q1) Which of the following served to represent the most prestigious gods in ancient Sumer?
A) larger eyes
B) wings
C) halos
D) smaller bodies
Q2) Are the categories "tourist art" and "fine art" mutually exclusive? Why or why not?
Q3) The way a society __________ is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials.
A) views its environment
B) raises its children
C) plans for the future
D) divides its labor
Q4) In what type of society is the presence of specialized artists most likely to be found?
A) those with a complex, specialized division of labor
B) foraging societies with many hours of free time each day
C) chiefdoms in which leaders can patronize skilled artists
D) societies with ancestor worship, where the artist honors his or her clan
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Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of participatory political systems?
A) They rarely go to war with each other and are less warlike in general.
B) They rarely go to war with each other but are more warlike in general.
C) They frequently go to war with each other and are more warlike in general.
D) They frequently go to war with each other but are less warlike in general.
Q2) How is terrorism distinct from other forms of crime or acts of war?
Q3) What can we do to reduce the effects of natural disasters significantly?
A) change the social factors that exacerbate disasters
B) move people to safer places
C) provide aid money after a disaster
D) change weather patterns to prevent storms
Q4) What did Mary Kay Gilliland discover in her ethnographic work in Croatia?
A) There was little concern for ethnic differences, and mixed marriages were common.
B) Croat nationalism had already been a subtle presence for a few decades.
C) Social inequalities between Croats and Serbs had been growing for years.
D) Yugoslavia was willing to allow Croatia to secede peacefully, with some conditions.
Q5) What social factors increase the likelihood of family violence?
Q6) What social factors are associated with famines?
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Chapter 19: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) How do "thrifty genes" serve people in famine-prone areas once conditions improve?
A) They become maladaptive, and lead to increased risk of diabetes and obesity.
B) They become maladaptive, leading to nutritional and caloric deficiency.
C) They become adaptive, helping people burn off excess fat quickly and easily.
D) They become adaptive, allowing for fast digestion of key nutrients.
Q2) What specialized research method could Murray-as an anthropologist-bring to the Haiti reforestation evaluation?
A) participant observation
B) translation
C) interviews
D) focal groups
Q3) What is a culture-bound syndrome? Identify three illnesses common to your own culture that may be viewed as a culture-bound syndrome.Explain why other cultures may not recognize these illnesses.
Q4) Imagine that you are an anthropologist hired to liaise between a tungsten mining operation (which provides materials for cell phones)and the local people in the Congo basin.Discuss the ethical considerations of your involvement in this situation.To whom are you most responsible?
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