Primate Biology and Behavior
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Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of primate biology and behavior, examining the anatomical, physiological, ecological, and social adaptations that characterize this diverse order of mammals. Students will investigate primate evolution, classification, and phylogenetic relationships, as well as study variations in diet, locomotion, communication, reproduction, and cognitive abilities across different species. The course also addresses key issues in primate conservation and the impact of environmental and human pressures on primate populations. Through lectures, readings, and case studies, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of what makes primates unique and the scientific approaches used to study them in both wild and captive settings.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Physical Anthropology 9th Edition by Robert Jurmain
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physical Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What strategy is unique to humans develop that allows them to adapt to the natural environment?
A) evolution
B) culture
C) biological adaptation
D) walking on two legs
E) genetic change
Answer: B
Q2) The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following does not apply to theories
A) Tested explanations of facts
B) Usually concerned with broader and more universal views
C) Not absolutes and open for falsification
D) Specific statements of scientific relationships that have not been verified
E) The result of repeated testing
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Development of Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of natural selection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) When it came to explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin
A) used Mendel's theory of heredity
B) agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal's inner needs
C) argued it was caused by differential use of an animal's body parts
D) had no idea of the true causes
E) used his research gathered while at Cambridge
Answer: D
Q3) Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural selection?
A) Charles Lyell
B) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C) Erasmus Darwin
D) Alfred Russel Wallace
E) Georges Cuvier
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Biological Basis of Life Connections
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Human Genome Project was successfully completed in 1952.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following produces genetic variation in populations?
A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) nondisjunction
D) replication
E) recombination
Answer: B
Q3) After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. What is this due to?
A) protein synthesis
B) recombination
C) pairing of homologous chromosomes
D) meiosis
E) DNA replication
Answer: E
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Heredity and Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is mutation an important element in accounting for the variation in mtDNA? What are the factors that redistribute genetic variation?
Q2) Explain how two parents who do NOT express a particular trait in their phenotype can nevertheless produce children who express the trait. Give an example of a specific trait or disease where this could occur.
Q3) Which of the following is not inherited in a Mendelian fashion?
A) Huntington Disease
B) albinism
C) cleft chin
D) Tay-Sachs disease
E) skin color
Q4) Which statement concerning polygenic traits is not true?
A) They are governed by more than one genetic locus.
B) Their expression is often influenced by genetic/environmental interactions.
C) The alleles have an additive effect on the phenotype.
D) They are continuous traits
E) The most frequently discussed are skin, hair and eye color.
Q5) Explain why a woman with type O blood and a man with type A blood could potentially have children with either type A or O blood.
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Chapter 5: Processes of Macroevolution
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Q1) The Cenozoic era is considered the age of mammals due to the vast diversification that took place.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During the ___________mammals replaced reptiles as the dominant form of land vertebrate.
A) Cenozoic
B) Paleozoic
C) Mesozoic
D) Precambrian
E) Permian
Q4) Define the term "adaptive radiation" and why it is important to the principle of evolution.
Q5) During the Paleozoic era, reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: An Overview of the Primates
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a major underlying factor for the declining numbers of nonhuman primates?
A) the killing of primates for human consumption
B) the trapping of live primates for biomedical research
C) unprecedented human population growth
D) the trapping of live primates for the pet trade
E) the overpopulation of nonhuman primate groups
Q2) Miss Waldron's red colobus has officially been declared extinct.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Gibbons are said to be adapted for brachiation. What anatomical features do gibbons possess that enable them to carry this out efficiently?
Q4) As an order, primates
A) have highly specialized traits
B) can be easily defined by one or two traits
C) lack traits that define the mammals
D) have generalized traits
E) have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences
Q5) Why are nonhuman primate populations endangered? Why is their extinction of grave concern?
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Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
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Q1) The traditional view of nonhuman communication has been that nonhumans, including primates,
A) are perfectly capable of conveying information about the external environment or their emotional state
B) use symbolic communication
C) use language in the same manner as humans
D) can convey information about events in the past and future
E) communicate information relating to their emotional state ONLY
Q2) Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include all of the following except
A) spoken language
B) facial expressions
C) vocalizations
D) displays
E) relationships
Q3) Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they gain protection from predators.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Primate and Hominin Origins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be best suited to the carbon-14 dating technique?
A) materials more than 100,000 years old
B) volcanic rock
C) sedimentary rock
D) metals
E) certain organic materials less than 75,000 years old
Q2) Relative dating techniques
A) can provide exact dates of fossil material
B) are always accurate to within 500 years
C) are based on the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes
D) include biostratigraphy
E) rely upon stable isotopes
Q3) The current evidence indicates that hominins possessed all the major structural changes necessary for bipedalism by
A) 4 million years ago
B) 5 to 7 million years ago
C) 8 to 10 million years ago
D) 3 to 4 million years ago
Q4) Draw your own phylogeny of the hominins discussed in Chapter 8. Explain the logic behind your phylogeny.
10
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Chapter 9: The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo
Erectus and Contemporaries
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Q1) Thus far, what do the postcranial remains of the Dmanisi hominins indicate?
A) They are indistinguishable from Homo sapiens.
B) They are significantly more robust than other Homo erectus.
C) They are much more similar to modern humans than to Homo erectus.
D) The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early form of H. erectus.
E) They are not bipeds.
Q2) The Nariokotome Homo erectus specimen
A) was discovered at Olduvai Gorge
B) is estimated to have been about 65 years old at death
C) is a young female
D) would have reached an adult height of around 6 feet
E) was destroyed in dating analysis
Q3) What is the average cranial capacity of H. erectus?
A) the same as for early Homo
B) approximately 900 cubic centimeters
C) the same as that for modern humans
D) the same as for Australopithecus
E) approximately 700 cubic centimeters
Q4) List the characteristics of Homo erectus discoveries in Java and China.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Premodern Humans
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Q1) The Mousterian stone tool tradition
A) was developed by Homo erectus.
B) is associated with Neandertals only.
C) is found in Asia only.
D) is found in Western Europe only.
E) is not always associated with just Neandertals, since sometimes it is found with modern humans.
Q2) Discuss the evolutionary trends in the genus Homo. Start with the transition from early Homo to Homo erectus and end with the Neandertals. Be sure to include the temporal and geographic distributions of the various species of Homo.
Q3) Different stone tool industries coexisted in some areas for long periods during the Middle Pleistocene.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Characterize Mousterian technology, subsistence, settlements, and symbolic behavior.
Q5) The Gran Dolina human remains are definitely Homo erectus.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
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Q1) Describe the remains found in African sites that indicate accomplishments in Upper Paleolithic art and technology.
Q2) The bow and arrow seems to have first appeared during the Magdalenian.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The partial replacement models have been bolstered by the sequencing of Neandertal genome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize the importance of the discovery of the child's skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho relative to the debate on modern human origins.
Q5) According to Partial Replacement Models, modern humans first appeared in Africa A) and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them B) and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them C) about 500,000 years ago D) but were later displaced by European Neandertals E) and India, simultaneously.
Q6) Summarize the main points of the various Replacement Models.
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Chapter 12: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) Adaptations are
A) seen only in nonhuman animals
B) the same as acclimatization responses
C) always temporary
D) long term evolutionary changes
E) short-term evolutionary changes
Q2) The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation
A) reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change
B) allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits
C) helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes
D) allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races
E) has been of little value for understanding human variation
Q3) Which of following protects from ultraviolet radiation?
A) carotene
B) hemoglobin
C) vitamin D
D) melanin
E) melanocytes
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14
Chapter 13: Legacies of Human Evolutionary History: Effects
on the Individual
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Sample Questions
Q1) The language centers of the human brain develop in the first three years of life.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Both nutritional deficiencies and excesses can cause health problems and interfere with childhood growth.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _______ genes have multiple effects at different times in the life span or under different conditions.
A) Ontogenetic
B) Telomere
C) Pleiotropic
D) Hidden
E) Dominant
Q4) Answer the question, "Are We Still Evolving?," highlighting socioeconomic and political concerns.
Q5) Describe the pattern of human brain growth. What is the importance of delayed brain growth in humans?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Human Disconnection
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using evolution to solve health problems requires medical researchers have training that includes evolutionary theory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Family planning can slow population growth. One of the best strategies family planning is
A) the shift to more local economies
B) the migration of rural populations to urban centers
C) shifts in employment from manufacturing to agriculture
D) access to family planning
E) education of girls and women
Q3) The prediction is that the destruction of rain forest species will represent ____________of all plant and animal species on earth.
A) 5-10%
B) 10-20%
C) half
D) three-fourths
E) the most insignificant
Q4) What impacts have cultural adaptations had on local environments?
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