Pre-Medical Studies
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Pre-Medical Studies is an interdisciplinary program designed to prepare students for entry into medical school and related health professions. The course covers foundational subjects such as biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, emphasizing scientific inquiry and critical thinking. Students also explore the ethical, psychological, and social dimensions of healthcare, developing essential communication and problem-solving skills. Through laboratory work, experiential learning, and community engagement, the course equips students with the academic preparation and practical experience necessary for success in advanced medical education and future healthcare careers.
Recommended Textbook
The Human Body in Health and Disease 6th Edition by Patton
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25 Chapters
3620 Verified Questions
3620 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) level that is made up of a group of cells working together to perform a task
A)chemical level
B)cellular level
C)tissue level
D)organ level
E)system level
F)organism
Answer: C
Q2) In a feedback loop,the part of the system that compares the actual condition to the controlled condition is called the sensor.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The supine position
A) describes the body lying face up
B) is also called anatomical position
C) describes the body lying face down
D) both A and B
Answer: A
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The bonds formed when electrons are shared are called
A) electrolytes
B) ionic bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) inorganic bonds
Answer: C
Q2) The process of hydrolysis
A) uses water to turn large molecules into smaller ones
B) removes a molecule of water from the reactants
C) converts smaller molecules into larger molecules by removing water
D) both B and C
Answer: A
Q3) The basic unit of a carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Explain the structure of a nucleic acid and list the differences between RNA and DNA.
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cells
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122 Verified Questions
122 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Atrophy is a characteristic of many neoplasms.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cells
A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase
Answer: C
Q3) The term organelle refers to proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Explain the functioning of an ion pump and give an example of one in the plasma membrane.Why are they considered active transport mechanisms?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Q5) Explain the difference between osmosis and dialysis.
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Chapter 4: Tissues
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146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of tissue frequently has few cells embedded in an intercellular matrix?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) muscle
D) nervous
Q2) Alveolar connective tissue specializes in the storage of lipid or fat.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The terms osteon and Haversian system are synonymous.
A)True
B)False
Q4) single layer of tall,thin cells; modification may appear goblet-shaped
A)simple squamous
B)simple cuboidal
C)simple columnar
D)pseudostratified columnar
E)stratified squamous
F)transitional
Q5) Discuss the microscopic structure of bone tissue.
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Chapter 5: Organ Systems of the Body
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102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bones are considered the main organs of the skeletal system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The lymphatic system circulates lymph the way the circulatory system circulates blood.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is the reproductive system different from other systems in the body?
Q4) Which part of the respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide?
A) pharynx
B) bronchi
C) alveoli
D) trachea
Q5) Which of these organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?
A) stomach
B) liver
C) esophagus
D) small intestine
Q6) Name three "artificial organs." Explain how they function to replace the damaged organ.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Mechanisms of Disease
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132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What causes fever and what advantage does fever give the body in fighting disease?
Q2) Explain the means of cancer detection discussed in the chapter.
Q3) An increased amount of chemotaxis can lead to an increased amount of pus in an area of inflammation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Another word for a neoplasm is a tumor.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A broken leg would be considered a traumatic mechanism of disease.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Pathophysiology is the organized study of the physiological process associated with disease.
A)True
B)False
Q7) A fluke is a type of flatworm.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: The Integumentary System and Body
Membranes
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151 Verified Questions
151 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the structure of hair.
Q2) Which type of membrane contains connective tissue?
A) a mucous membrane
B) a serous membrane
C) a synovial membrane
D) all of the above
Q3) Explain why the skin has more difficulty regulating body temperature on humid days than on dry days.
Q4) The skin more effectively cools the body on drier days than on days with high humidity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Serous membranes line the digestive and respiratory tracts.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which statement is not true of the epidermis?
A) It is a cutaneous membrane.
B) It is composed mostly of connective tissue.
C) It is the outermost layer of skin.
D) It contains the stratum germinativum.
Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chondrosarcoma is a cancer of cartilage tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ensuring that young children have a sufficient amount of vitamin D in their diet will prevent
A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis
D) Paget disease
Q3) Explain the joint disorder osteoarthritis.Include signs of the condition and risk factors for the condition.
Q4) The hyoid bone forms both a diarthrotic and a synarthrotic joint.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Unlike osteocytes,chondrocytes are located in lacunae.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints and give an example of each.
Q7) Explain the process of endochondral ossification.
Page 11
Q8) List and define the six structures of the long bone discussed in this chapter.
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Chapter 9: The Muscular System
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143 Verified Questions
143 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sarcomeres are separated from each other by dark bands called myofilaments.
A)True
B)False
Q2) primary calf muscle
A)external oblique
B)gastrocnemius
C)quadriceps
D)intercostal muscles
E)tibialis anterior
F)hamstring muscles
G)gluteus maximus
H)rectus abdominis
Q3) Which type of muscle tissue specializes in contraction or shortening?
A) cardiac
B) smooth
C) striated
D) all of the above
Q4) Muscle tone maintains posture.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Nervous System
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162 Verified Questions
162 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The synaptic knob is the small space separating the pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ridges on the surface of the cerebrum are called sulci.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the structure and function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Q4) A family history of the disease is a more important risk factor for Alzheimer disease than it is for Huntington disease.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The resting neuron has a more positive charge inside than outside. A)True
B)False
Q6) The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response. A)True
B)False
Q7) What is the efferent organ for the knee-jerk reflex?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: The Senses
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The back is one of the least sensitive areas of the body for the sense of touch.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain why looking directly at something in a very dark room makes what you are looking at more difficult to see.
Q3) Explain myopia,hyperopia,and astigmatism and what means are used to correct these vision disorders.
Q4) structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear; also called the "eardrum"
A)organ of Corti
B)tympanic membrane
C)eustachian tube
D)stapes
E)semicircular canal
F)cochlea
G)malleus
H)auricle
I)perilymph
J)endolymph
Q5) Describe the visual pathway.
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Chapter 12: The Endocrine System
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The result of the interaction between a nonsteroid hormone and a target cell is the formation of a new protein.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The pineal gland hormone,melatonin,is affected by the amount of light to which a person is exposed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The action of ADH is to increase the production of urine to help eliminate toxins in the blood.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the function of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.Explain what happens if there is a hypersecretion or a hyposecretion of these hormones.
Q5) The hormone used to detect pregnancy is released by the ovaries.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain and give an example of a negative feedback regulation of a hormone.
Q7) Explain the functioning of a nonsteroid hormone.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Blood
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145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) white blood cell that protects against parasitic worms
A)hemoglobin
B)buffy coat
C)plasma
D)eosinophil
E)basophil
F)monocyte
G)thrombocyte
H)erythrocyte
I)serum
J)fibrin
Q2) Leukemia can be classified as either acute or chronic and either lymphocytic or myeloid.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following tissues is not involved in blood cell formation?
A) myeloid tissue
B) lymphatic tissue
C) red bone marrow
D) All of the above tissues are involved in blood cell formation.
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Chapter 14: The Heart
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person has an abnormality in the QRS complex,what part of the heart might not be functioning correctly? Explain your answer.
Q2) The force that pushes the blood through pulmonary circulation is the right atrium.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The QRS complex of an electrocardiogram occurs with the depolarization of the ventricles.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is not true of ventricles?
A) They are the lower chambers of the heart.
B) They are called the discharging chambers of the heart.
C) They have thicker walls than the atria.
D) All of the above are true of ventricles.
Q5) A heartbeat that is less than 60 beats per minute is called A) tachycardia
B) bradycardia
C) sinus dysrhythmia
D) fibrillation
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Chapter 15: The Circulation of the Blood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a condition in which blood pools in the veins because the valves have become incompetent?
A) an aneurysm
B) phlebitis
C) varicose veins
D) gangrene
Q2) Which type of shock results from a loss of sympathetic impulses sent to the smooth muscles of the blood vessels?
A) cardiogenic shock
B) neurogenic shock
C) anaphylactic shock
D) septic shock
Q3) The ductus arteriosus acts as a shunt for blood around the immature fetal liver.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are varicose veins and what is their cause?
Q5) Incompetent valves in veins cause varices.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Name and explain the five types of circulatory shock described in the chapter.
Page 18
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Chapter 16: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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163 Verified Questions
163 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct empty into arteries in the neck region.
A)True
B)False
Q2) one of the major phagocytic cells of the immune system
A)natural active immunity
B)T cell
C)antigen
D)artificial active immunity
E)macrophage
F)natural passive immunity
G)B cell
H)complement
I)artificial passive immunity
J)antibody
Q3) Explain the location and function of the thymus.
Q4) Explain how blood capillaries and lymph capillaries are different.How is this difference important to the function of the lymph system?
Q5) How is HIV spread?
Q6) What is isoimmunity?
Page 19
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Chapter 17: The Respiratory System
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176 Verified Questions
176 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) structure that the primary bronchi enter
A)pharynx
B)bronchi
C)alveoli
D)respiratory mucosa
E)respiratory membrane
F)bronchioles
G)lung
H)trachea
I)pleura
J)larynx
Q2) The pharynx may also be called the throat.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The two major functions of the respiratory system are gas exchange and air distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the structure of the larynx.What is the function of the epiglottis?
Q5) What is the respiratory mucosa?
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Chapter 18: The Digestive System
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Untreated periodontitis can lead to gingivitis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) an inflammation of abnormal saclike outpouchings of the intestinal wall
A)ulcer
B)cholelithiasis
C)mumps
D)hepatitis
E)caries
F)gastroenteritis
G)leukoplakia
H)Crohn disease
I)gingivitis
J)peritonitis
K)ascites
L)diverticulitis
Q3) Protein digestion begins in the stomach but is completed in the small intestine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is peritonitis? What are ascites?
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Chapter 19: Nutrition and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) a serious condition in which the body is unable to maintain normal body temperature in a very warm environment; body temperature can rise to dangerous levels
A)malignant hyperthermia
B)heat exhaustion
C)hyperthermia
D)scurvy
E)marasmus
F)heatstroke
G)bulimia
H)fever
I)kwashiorkor
J)anorexia nervosa
Q2) Explain the two conditions that occur when the body is unable to keep itself sufficiently warm.
Q3) Nonessential amino acids are not needed by the body because they are not used to build human proteins.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are minerals and what is their function in the body?
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Chapter 20: The Urinary System
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162 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process by which urine is passed out of the body is called A) urination
B) voiding
C) micturition
D) all of the above
Q2) Because of the location of the kidneys,there is less risk of peritonitis after surgery on the kidney than there is after surgery on the stomach.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The juxtaglomerular apparatus releases a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to rise.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tumors in the kidney are very rare and are almost always benign.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is glomerulonephritis?
Q6) Describe the three stages in chronic renal failure.
Q7) What is hydronephrosis and what are some of its causes?
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Chapter 21: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) one mechanism that causes a decrease in the interstitial fluid volume
A)ion
B)dehydration
C)intracellular fluid
D)hypokalemia
E)ADH
F)decrease in capillary blood pressure
G)ANH
H)hypocalcemia
I)drop in blood protein levels
J)electrolyte
K)hyponatremia
L)overhydration
M)aldosterone
N)interstitial fluid
O)edema
Q2) Aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium from the kidneys and thereby increases the amount of urine produced.
A)True
B)False
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Page 24
Chapter 22: Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the buffer pair is to function properly,there must be 10 times more NaHCO<sub>3</sub> than there is H2CO<sub>3</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The body has three mechanisms for regulating pH: the buffer mechanism,the respiratory mechanism,and the digestive mechanism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hyperventilation syndrome can cause metabolic alkalosis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Blood leaving the lungs has a _____ than blood entering the lungs.
A) lower pH
B) lower concentration of carbon dioxide
C) higher concentration of H<sup>+</sup> ions
D) both A and C
Q5) Explain how the buffer system functions to buffer a strong acid.
Q6) In uncompensated metabolic acidosis,what mechanism removes the excess H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
Page 25
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Chapter 23: The Reproductive Systems
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230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the menstrual cycle including the role of all hormones involved.
Q2) the male gamete
A)seminiferous tubules
B)seminal vesicles
C)interstitial cells
D)scrotum
E)testes
F)ductus deferens
G)prostate gland
H)sperm cell
I)epididymis
J)tunica albuginea
K)corpus spongiosum
Q3) Unlike the gonads of the male,the gonads of the female are in the pelvic cavity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The seminiferous tubules make up the bulk of the tissue of the testes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the steps in the formation and release of an ovum.
Page 26
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Chapter 24: Growth and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the most important functions of the placenta is to act as a barrier to keep potentially harmful materials such as alcohol or viruses from hurting the baby.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define and give three examples of a teratogen.
Q3) Identical twins come from one fertilized egg.
A)True B)False
Q4) The first 4 months after birth are referred to as the neonatal period. A)True B)False
Q5) The fimbriae are the part of the oviducts that are nearest the ovary. A)True B)False
Q6) Blood type is an inherited trait; therefore
A) identical twins must have the same blood type
B) fraternal twins must have the same blood type
C) identical twins may have the same blood type,but don't have to D) both A and B
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Chapter 25: Genetics and Genetic Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) the group of proteins encoded by the genes of the human cell
A)proteome
B)crossing-over
C)dominant gene
D)gene
E)p-arm
F)trisomy
G)genetics
H)recessive gene
I)genome
J)q-arm
K)sex-linked trait
L)genetic mutation
M)monosomy
N)autosome
O)nondisjunction
Q2) Explain the ways in which genetic variation is increased when passing genetic information on to the next generation.
Q3) Explain the difference between gene replacement therapy and gene augmentation therapy.
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