Population Health Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Population Health explores the determinants, patterns, and interventions influencing health outcomes at the group and community levels. The course examines how social, economic, environmental, and behavioral factors affect the health status of populations, emphasizing the identification of health disparities and the development of strategies for prevention and health promotion. Students will learn to analyze epidemiological data, assess population health trends, and evaluate public health policies and programs aimed at improving overall health and reducing inequities within diverse communities.
Recommended Textbook
Gordis Epidemiology 6th Edition by Celentano ScD MHS
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19 Chapters
150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thanks to the contributions of Edward Jenner,the following disease was eradicated later by efforts organized by D.A.Henderson:
A) Cholera
B) Smallpox
C) Chickenpox
D) Polio
E) Zika
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
A) Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year
B) Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
C) Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy
D) Sexual education program in elementary schools
E) Increasing taxes for buying cigarettes
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
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11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The population of Oriol City in June 2018 was 612,437.According to the Oriol City's health department,there were 329 new cases of Raven's disease during 2018.Counting those new cases,by December 31 it was estimated that there were 6580 persons with Raven's disease in Oriol City.What was the incidence rate of Raven's disease in 2018?
A) 26 per 100,000 population
B) 33 per 100,000 population
C) 54 per 100,000 population
D) 1074 per 100,000 population
E) 5000 per 100,000 population
Answer: C
Q2) What is the name of the occurrence of a clearly higher than expected number of cases of a disease within a limited geographical region?
A) Pandemic
B) Epidemic
C) Endemic
D) Zoonosis
E) Attack rate
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: The Occurrence of Disease: Idisease
Surveillance and Measures of Morbidity
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Sample Questions
Q1) At an initial examination in Baltimore,Maryland,disease X was found in 10 of 1,000 men aged 40 to 50 years and in 10 of 2,000 women aged 30 to 40 years.Which of the following statement is the most accurate inference for the risk of developing disease X?
A) Men have a 2 times greater risk of developing disease X than women.
B) Women have a 2 times greater risk of developing disease X than men.
C) People aged between 40 and 50 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease X than people aged between 30 and 40.
D) People aged between 30 and 40 years have a 2 times greater burden of developing disease X than people aged between 40 and 50.
E) We cannot make any inference of risk of developing disease X.
Answer: E
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5
Chapter 4: The Occurrence of Disease: II Mortality and
Other Measures of Disease Impact
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mayor of Baby City is interested in comparing the infant mortality rate (infants are defined as babies younger than the age of 12 months) of Baby City with the infant mortality rate of Adult City.He argues that the age distributions of these cities are very different and therefore asks you to calculate the age-adjusted infant mortality rate.What is the best approach?
A) Use direct adjustment.
B) Use indirect adjustment.
C) Calculate the standardized mortality ratio.
D) Explain that no age adjustment is needed when comparing with age-specific mortality rates.
E) Use the World Health Organization standard population to calculate an adjusted rate.
Q2) For a disease such as seasonal influenza,which is less fatal and of short duration?
A) Incidence rates and mortality rates will be similar.
B) Mortality rates will be much higher than incidence rates.
C) Incidence rates will be much higher than mortality rates.
D) Incidence rates will be unrelated to mortality rates.
E) None of the above.
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Chapter 5: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
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14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A diagnostic test with a very high sensitivity but very low specificity has the following problem:
A) It will miss a big proportion of true cases (label them as negatives).
B) It will correctly identify all negative cases.
C) It will label a big proportion of healthy people as sick (false-positives).
D) It will be very expensive to administer.
E) Specificity is the single most important characteristic of a test.
Q2) Which of the following statement about positive predictive value is the most accurate?
A) Positive predictive value is a fixed characteristic of the test. It will not change over the person, place, and time.
B) Positive predictive value is affected by the sensitivity of the test only.
C) Specificity will not affect the positive predictive value.
D) Positive predictive value is the probability that a diseased person (case) in the population tested will be identified as diseased by the test.
E) None of above.
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7
Chapter 6: The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following table describes the survival of patients treated from disease X from 2015 to 2017 followed for 3 years (assuming no loss to follow-up).If a person is treated and using all the information from the table,what is the probability of surviving 3 years after treatment? \(\begin{array}{r}
\text { Number alive at the end of year }\quad \\
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { Year of treatment } & \text { Number of patients treated } & \quad 1 \text { year } & \quad 2 \text { year } &\quad 3 \text { year } \\
\hline 2015 & 100 & 67 & 42 & 30 \\
\hline 2016 & 50 & 31 & 18 & \\
\hline 2017 & 75 & 52 & & \\
\hline \text { Totals } & 225 & 150 & 60 & 30 \\
\hline
\end{array}\end{array}\)
A) 0.29
B) 0.33
C) 0.61
D) 0.67
E) 0.71
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Chapter 7: Observational Studies
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12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term most accurately describes the following definition? "A study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health outcomes) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population <u>at one particular time</u>." [Porta M,ed.A Dictionary of Epidemiology.New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.]
A) Ecologic study
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case-control study
D) Cohort study
E) Randomized trial
Q2) To determine the prevalence of smoking among new students in a university,researchers conduct an anonymous survey at the first day of classes.They find that 22% of women and 28% of men were smokers.What type of study design was used?
A) Ecologic
B) Cross-sectional
C) Cohort
D) Case-control
E) Systematic review
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Chapter 8: Cohort Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the most accurate characteristic of cohort studies?
A) It is an efficient study designs for studying rare disease.
B) The temporality of the exposure preceding the outcome is hard to determine.
C) The incidence rate of disease in the exposure group is compared directly to the incidence rate of disease in the unexposed group.
D) The exposure and outcomes are captured at the same time.
E) The participants are randomly allocated to exposure and nonexposure categories.
Q2) The main difference between a cohort study and a randomized trial is that
A) cohort studies are longitudinal and randomized trials are cross-sectional.
B) only clinical trials can evaluate the effect of a drug.
C) randomized trials are experimental and cohort studies are observational.
D) clinical trials are observational and cohort studies are experimental.
E) at the beginning of a clinical trial, participants are free of disease, and cohort studies start with patients with a disease.
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10
Chapter 10: Assessing Preventive and Therapeutic
Measures: Randomized Trials
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Sample Questions
Q1) Participants in a clinical trial might report different symptoms when they know they are part of the intervention group instead of the control group.To avoid that,researchers use the following:
A) Confounding
B) Randomization
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Masking
E) Effect modifiers
Q2) Two similar drugs (drug A and drug B) to alleviate back pain were released simultaneously.An investigator decides to test which of the drugs works better.He decides to conduct a trial in which randomly,half of the participants receive drug A for a month while the other half received drug B.After 2 weeks without any medication,participants switch the drug they were receiving (those who received A start taking B,and those who received B start taking A).What type of study design was illustrated in this example?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Factorial randomized clinical trial
C) Crossover randomized clinical trial
D) Crossover cohort study
E) Phase II clinical trial
Page 11
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Chapter 11: Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Epidemiologists decided to investigate the effect of sunscreens on sunburns.They ran an epidemiologic study to see the association of sunscreens and sunburns.Overall,460 people have enrolled in the study.Investigators randomly allocated 230 people to the treatment group (sunscreens) and 230 to the control group (placebo).They exposed those 460 people to the high mountain trail on a sunny day.At the end of the study,30 people developed sunburns in the sunscreen group and 130 people developed sunburns in the placebo group.What type of study design is this?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Prospective cohort study
C) Case-control study
D) Randomized trial
E) Case-control study.
Q2) What is the primary purpose of randomization?
A) To prevent bias in the assignment of treatment
B) To provide a probability basis for statistical testing
C) To ensure the same number of people are randomized to each group
D) To ensure that the subjects not to know which group they are assigned to
E) To guarantee the comparability of the different treatment groups
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Chapter 12: Estimating Risk: Is There an Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following measures represents the absolute risk of getting a disease?
A) Prevalence
B) Odds ratio
C) Risk ratio
D) Incidence
E) Risk difference
Q2) Epidemiologists decided to investigate the effect of sunscreens on sunburns.They ran an epidemiologic study to see the association of sunscreens and sunburns.Overall,460 people have enrolled in the study.Investigators randomly allocated 230 people to the treatment group (sunscreens) and 230 to the control group (placebo).They exposed those 460 people to the high mountain trail on a sunny day.At the end of the study,30 people developed sunburns in the sunscreen group and 130 people developed sunburns in the placebo group.What is the risk of developing sunburns in the placebo group?
A) 0.13
B) 0.15
C) 0.23
D) 0.57
E) 1
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Chapter 13: More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention
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9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A politician asks an epidemiologist how many cases of coronary heart disease can be prevented if they manage to eliminate the exposure to smoking in city A.The epidemiologists explain that,if they eliminate smoking,they could prevent 22% cases of coronary heart disease.What measure of association was used to answer this question?
A) Population attributable risk
B) Odds ratio
C) Relative risk
D) Incidence rate
E) Risk ratio
Q2) What is the best measure of association to explain what percentage of the new diagnoses of disease X are explained by exposure to Y among those exposed to Y?
A) Relative risk
B) Risk ratio
C) Odds ratio
D) Attributable risk
E) Incidence rate ratio
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14
Epidemiologic Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Temporal relationship is a necessary criterion to establish causality.Which of the following epidemiologic study design allows to evaluate temporal relationship?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Case-control
C) Transversal
D) Cohort
E) Literature review
Q2) Lack of physical activity is a known factor associated with colon cancer.However,colon cancer develops even among active individuals.Moreover,several individuals who perform very little levels of physical activity never develop colon cancer.Hence,in the causal relationship between physical inactivity and colon cancer,the lack of physical activity is
A) necessary and sufficient.
B) sufficient but not necessary.
C) necessary but not sufficient.
D) neither necessary not sufficient.
E) confounded.
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10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Smoking participants of a cohort study are more likely to drop out.It is known that the effect of asbestos on getting cancer is much stronger among smokers.When analyzing data for this study,researchers find no association between asbestos and cancer.A potential explanation for the results of the study is
A) confounding.
B) effect modification.
C) selection bias.
D) information bias.
E) specificity of association.
Q2) In a case-control study,a researcher found no association between exposure to A and disease B.Later she found out that there was a misclassification when measuring exposure to A,in both cases and controls.What is a potential explanation for the results (no association) of this case-control study?
A) Nondifferential misclassification
B) Differential misclassification
C) Selection bias
D) Confounding
E) Effect-modification
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Chapter 16: Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors
in Disease Causation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disease.It is characterized by the adult onset of abnormal movements,cognitive impairment,and,often,psychiatric symptoms.For its type of transmission pattern (autosomal dominant) it is considered a
A) complex genetic disease.
B) multiple gene disease.
C) environmental disease.
D) vector borne.
E) Mendelian disease.
Q2) The following suggests environmental factors causing a disease:
A) Monozygotic twins getting the same disease
B) Family history of disease
C) Early development
D) A rapid change in the trends of disease over time
E) Biologic brothers adopted by different families getting the same disease
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Chapter 17: Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the most accurate definition of efficiency?
A) A measure of a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions.
B) The process of testing a vaccine in a community where some of individuals do not want to be vaccinated.
C) The process of testing a new drug in a community where individuals have various compliances of drug intake.
D) The process of estimating the best effort of intervention or procedure.
E) The effects or end results achieved in relation to the effort expended in terms of money, resources, and time.
Q2) According to the healthy people 2020,the following is an indicator of access to health services:
A) Persons with a usual primary care provider
B) Persons with a diagnosed diabetes whose A1c is greater than 9%
C) Adolescents with a major depressive episode in the past 12 months
D) Knowledge of serostatus among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons
E) Adult cigarette smoking
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Chapter 18: Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the most accurate example of tertiary prevention?
A) Receiving a yellow fever vaccination at a tertiary hospital
B) Using a mosquito net while visiting a malaria-endemic country
C) Taking preventative malaria drug before getting an infection
D) Receiving regular blood smear test to detect the malaria early
E) Joining malaria rehabilitation programs to reduce or eliminate long-term impairments and disabilities from previous infections
Q2) The following is a reason for an apparent lack of benefit from a screening program:
A) The available treatments are not effective even when administered early in the disease progression.
B) The clinical phase of disease is long and usually ends with the death of the patient.
C) The usual diagnosis of disease happens very late in the disease progression.
D) The preclinical phase of disease is very long.
E) The current therapies are very effective when administered in the preclinical phase of disease.
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Chapter 19: Epidemiology and Public Policy
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Q1) When decision makers are in the process of assessing whether a new policy should be implemented to avoid a certain health risk,besides considering the scientific evidence available,they should also take into account the following societal consideration:
A) If that decision would make them look good with constituents
B) The proportion of the population would be protected by such policy
C) If that new policy was proposed by prestigious academics
D) The media's opinion about the policy
E) The incidence rate of the disease
Q2) What is the name of the chart that is typically used to depict the results of a meta-analysis?
A) Forest plot
B) Pie chart
C) Box plot
D) Manhattan plot
E) Bar chart
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Chapter 20: Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
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Q1) What of the following is an obligation that researchers have with study participants?
A) Provide a financial incentive to participate in the study.
B) Provide free treatment for any condition the subjects have.
C) Communicate the study results clearly.
D) Enroll all family members of the participants if they want to be part of the study.
E) Provide free diagnostic procedures, even if those are not related with the study.
Q2) A challenge in epidemiologic research that explores the effect of race on cardiovascular disease is that
A) measuring race is hard because is a poorly understood concept and its validity is questionable.
B) measuring race requires DNA testing.
C) there are too many human races.
D) race is usually not associated with health outcomes.
E) cardiovascular disease is not well defined.
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