Political Science 101
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Political Science 101 introduces students to the systematic study of politics, government, and public policy. The course covers fundamental concepts such as power, authority, democracy, political ideologies, institutions, and processes within local, national, and international contexts. Students will explore how governments are structured, the ways in which citizens interact with the political system, and the impact of political decisions on society. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, comparative analysis, and the development of informed perspectives on current political issues.
Recommended Textbook
The American Political System 2nd full Edition with policy chapters 2014 Election Update by Ken
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) What distinguishes a democratic political system from an authoritarian political system? What makes a country more or less democratic? What kinds of economic and social benefits are associated with democratic governance?
Answer: Answer will vary.
Q2) Which term refers to the process of making collective decisions,usually by governments,to allocate public resources and to create and enforce rules for the operation of society?
A) federalism
B) constitutionalism
C) institutionalism
D) politics
E) coordination
Answer: D
Q3) How can political preferences be best described and accounted for?
A) minimizing benefits
B) maximizing costs
C) lowering barriers
D) minimizing benefits and maximizing costs
E) maximizing benefits and minimizing costs
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: the Constitution
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Q1) Officials in North Korea,which is an authoritarian regime,may avoid paying taxes,receive usually banned foreign luxury goods,and arrest everyday people for violating laws that they themselves need not obey.This is a violation of
A) international coordination problems
B) natural liberty
C) civil liberty
D) the rule of law
E) statutory protections
Answer: D
Q2) Compared to either the Virginia Plan or the Connecticut Compromise,what did the New Jersey Plan propose?
A) a much stronger national government
B) to weigh states' slave populations more heavily for apportioning representation
C) about the same balance of federal and state powers
D) to weigh states' slave populations less heavily for apportioning representation
E) much greater state sovereignty and independence
Answer: E
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Federalism
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Q1) What are the costs and benefits of federalism? How might the United States benefit by providing even greater autonomy to the states? In what ways might such a shift yield negative consequences? How might the United States benefit by providing even greater authority to the national government? In what ways might such a shift yield negative consequences?
Answer: Answer will vary.
Q2) Which is true of a state that has home rule as part of its constitution?
A) The federal government is forbidden from interfering with state-level decision making.
B) The state government is not bound by international treaties.
C) Major cities can make international trade agreements.
D) Local governments have wide authority.
E) State governments are forbidden from interfering in local decision making.
Answer: D
Q3) In what ways does federalism permit state governments to resolve problems of collective action? To what extent do some types of coordination problems still exist among the American states? What are their effects?
Answer: Answer will vary.
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Chapter 4: Civil Rights and Liberties
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Q1) Which standard of judicial review requires a statute to advance an "important state interest" and be "substantially related" to its objective?
A) rational basis test
B) undue burden test
C) Monroe Doctrine
D) intermediate scrutiny
E) strict scrutiny
Q2) The constitutionality of a state law prohibiting single men but not single women from adopting children would be reviewed under ____________________ by the Supreme Court.
A) the rational basis test
B) an undue burden test
C) the Monroe Doctrine
D) intermediate scrutiny
E) strict scrutiny
Q3) Identify two major failures of the constitutional system of rights and liberties that have occurred in American history.What circumstances produced these failures? How have they been addressed? In your opinion,how successful have these efforts been?
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Chapter 5: Congress
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Q1) Why are staffs for legislative and campaign work separate entities?
A) The sizes are too much to deal with under one heading.
B) The president mandates that staff be organized in this fashion.
C) Congress functions more efficiently in this fashion.
D) The separation is mandated by election law.
E) The separation is mandated by the Constitution.
Q2) Why is having a fellow partisan as the chamber leader important?
A) The leader writes all legislation.
B) The leader is the chair of committees.
C) The leader is the agenda setter.
D) The leader pressures the president to sign bills.
E) The leader makes all members vote in partisan fashion.
Q3) What is the most limiting factor for the power of congressional party leaders?
A) size of the chamber
B) level of campaigning of representatives
C) coordination of fellow partisans
D) number of committees
E) number of parties in the electorate
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Chapter 6: the Presidency
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Q1) Explain the concepts of formal powers and informal powers as they relate to the American presidency.Identify at least two formal powers of the presidency as well as two of its informal powers.Which set of powers is more important for presidents? Discuss a specific example or examples to support your claim.
Q2) The governor of North Carolina is empowered to veto specific provisions in legislation that has passed both houses of the state legislature.This is an example of a
A) precision strike
B) precise veto
C) general veto
D) line-item veto
E) drafting authority
Q3) A president may be removed from office if he is impeached by the ____________________ and convicted by the ____________________.
A) House of Representatives/Supreme Court
B) Supreme Court/Senate
C) Electoral College/Supreme Court
D) Supreme Court/House of Representatives
E) House of Representatives/Senate
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Page 8
Chapter 7: the Bureaucracy
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Q1) High-level federal bureaucrats,such as cabinet secretaries,are typically ____________________.
A) appointed by the U.S. Civil Service Commission
B) selected under the merit system
C) presidential appointees
D) congressional appointees
E) independent contractors
Q2) Do "street-level" bureaucrats make policy decisions?
A) No, because they are not very important.
B) No, because policy decisions are made by Congress or the president.
C) No, because policy decisions are made by higher-level bureaucrats.
D) Yes, because their individual judgment calls create policy standards and routines.
E) Yes, but only in certain policy areas.
Q3) What is an "iron triangle?" What institutions are part of an iron triangle,and how do they interact? How does the structure of an iron triangle support effective governance? How do iron triangles promote inefficiencies and bad public policies?
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9
Chapter 8: the Judiciary
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Q1) What is necessary for the rule of law to be beneficial to society?
A) Judges must follow the legal model of judicial decision making.
B) People must have faith that the courts will be unbiased and rule fairly based on the law.
C) Courts must decide in favor of one side or the other in a case because of that side's political support for particular judges.
D) Judges must be strict constructionists.
E) People must be able to elect judges that best represent the public good.
Q2) Which is an opinion written by a member of the majority of the Supreme Court in a given case that offers alternative legal reasoning for reaching the same result in the case?
A) majority opinion
B) dissenting opinion
C) concurring opinion
D) advisory opinion
E) ancillary opinion
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Chapter 9: Public Opinion
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Q1) The relationship between the public and the government can be viewed as a special kind of ____________________,because the president works for all the people because they have hired him or her through their ballots and can fire the president at the next election.
A) collective-action problem
B) coordination problem
C) Prisoner's Dilemma
D) unstable coalition
E) principal-agent problem
Q2) To help predict the outcome of an upcoming Republican primary election,a polling firm randomly surveys 1,000 people from a list of all registered Republican voters in the state of Texas.In this case,the group of 1,000 registered Republican voters in Texas recruited to participate in the survey is the ____________________.
A) sample
B) selection
C) proportion
D) cohort
E) population
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Political Participation
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an acceptable reason for few people to participate in politics?
A) Low levels of political participation means people are generally satisfied with government.
B) Citizens do not speak out about government or vote because they like things as they are.
C) The absence of overt dissent signifies the absence of grievances.
D) Uninformed voters choose not to participate and leave decisions to those who choose to become informed.
E) Low levels of political participation are concentrated in the segments of the population who arguably face individual barriers to participation and who are rarely encouraged to participate.
Q2) Which of the following could be considered an unintentional barrier to voting?
A) implementing a poll tax
B) requiring voters to pass a literacy test
C) having fewer voting machines in precincts in poorer neighborhoods
D) establishing Jim Crow laws
E) having up-to-date technologies for voting in precincts in wealthy neighborhoods
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Chapter 11: Interest Groups and Social Movements
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Q1) Lobbyists tend to lobby legislators or bureaucrats who ____________________.
A) are most strongly opposed to the group's position
B) are indecisive about supporting the group's position
C) are supportive of the group's position
D) are less senior, that is, have served little time in their institution
E) are more senior, that is, have served much time in their institution
Q2) Chevrolet and Greenpeace both support a bill that would require automobile manufacturers to meet stricter emissions standards in the next two years.Chevrolet supports the bill because its Chevy Volt is one of the few cars that already meets these standards and Chevrolet is likely to benefit financially from stricter regulation while its competitors struggle to catch up.Greenpeace supports the bill because of its potential environmental benefits.Though they both support the bill,Greenpeace and Chevrolet are likely to face a/an ____________________ when advocating for its passage.
A) coordination problem
B) Prisoner's Dilemma
C) principal-agent problem
D) unstable coalition
E) collective-action problem
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Chapter 12: Political Parties
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Q1) Which is a local organization that controls a city or county government to an extent that enables it to reward large numbers of political supporters with tangible benefits such as government jobs?
A) political party
B) interest group
C) political machine
D) partisan syndicate
E) political collective
Q2) What is a political party? How is it different from an interest group? What are the major functions of parties in government,parties in the electorate,and parties as organizations? How do these three party roles relate to one another? What kind of oversight or organization ensures the effective integration of various components of American political parties?
Q3) Identify and explain three major theories of partisan identification.How does each theory conceptualize individual identification with a political party? To what extent does each theory represent partisanship as a psychological identity versus the product of rational judgment? In your opinion,which model most clearly represents your own association (or lack thereof)with a political party?
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14
Chapter 13: Elections and Campaigns
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Q1) Americans for a Better Tomorrow,Tomorrow was a political organization created by satirist Stephen Colbert to spend money raised from individuals,corporations,and unions using the rules created from Citizens United v.FEC (2010).As such,he could not collaborate with any candidate,and in fact had to turn power over the organization over to Jon Stewart when Colbert himself became a candidate for office.What term best describes Americans for a Better Tomorrow,Tomorrow?
A) PAC
B) 527 organization
C) SuperPAC
D) MegaPAC
E) 504(c)3 organization
Q2) Which electoral rule declares the candidate with the largest number of votes the winner without holding further runoff elections?
A) majority rule
B) unanimity rule
C) plurality rule
D) Borda count
E) consensus
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Mass Media and the Press
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Q1) Which of the following best describes attitudes in the United States toward government regulation of private media?
A) In the United States, private media cannot be monitored by the federal government due to the Assange Act of 2011.
B) The United States is generally more open to monitoring of private media than other democratic countries.
C) The United States is generally less open to monitoring of private media than other democratic countries.
D) In the United States, private media is regulated just as much as public media.
E) The United States does not have the technological capacity to monitor private media.
Q2) In what ways might media organizations be thought of as principals in principal-agent relationships with other entities? In what ways might media organizations assume the role of an agent? How does the duality of the media's role in American politics,serving as both principal in some capacities and agent in others,shape the type of political information that Americans receive?
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16
Chapter 15: Economic Policy
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Q1) Subnational (state and local)governments account for approximately 40 percent of all government spending in the United States.This is a/an ____________________ proportion than in most other advanced industrialized democracies.
A) much lower
B) lower
C) equal
D) higher
E) much higher
Q2) Which refers to the annual difference between revenues collected by the national government and its outlays?
A) national shortfall
B) budget gap
C) budget surplus
D) national deficit
E) national debt
Q3) What are private goods,club goods,common goods,and public goods? How are these different types of goods similar? How are they different? Give an example of each.Why are the distinctions among different types of goods important for designing public policies?
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Social Policy
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Q1) What is the largest provider of health insurance in the U.S.?
A) Blue Cross/Blue Shield
B) the state of California
C) the state of New York
D) Medicare
E) Social Security
Q2) The education children receive in public schools is a ____________________.
A) common good
B) club good
C) public good
D) private good with positive externalities
E) private good with negative externalities
Q3) A higher proportion of Americans ____________________ than in any other country in the world for which reliable data are available.
A) are literate
B) are illiterate
C) receive welfare payments
D) are in prison
E) pay income taxes
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Foreign Policy
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Q1) Unilateralism best fits into which philosophy of foreign policy?
A) realism
B) idealism
C) internationalism
D) isolationism
E) marginalism
Q2) ____________________ pressure represents an intermediate level of action between diplomacy and military engagement.
A) Social
B) Educational
C) Verbal
D) Economic
E) Environmental
Q3) How do domestic politics shape U.S.foreign policy? In particular,what role does electoral pressure created by various interest groups and ethnic communities play in shaping the United States' policies toward specific countries? Give at least two examples of how domestic political dynamics influence foreign policy decision making.
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