Course Introduction
Plant Diversity
Chapter Exam Questions
Plant Diversity explores the vast variety of plant life, from algae and mosses to ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. This course examines the evolutionary relationships, structural adaptations, reproductive strategies, and ecological roles of major plant groups. Students will gain an understanding of how plants have adapted to diverse environments, the importance of plant diversity for ecosystem function, and threats to biodiversity. The course combines lectures, laboratory work, and field studies to offer hands-on experience in plant identification and classification.
Recommended Textbook Plants and Society 7th Edition by Estelle Levetin
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Plants in Our Lives
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Q1) Which of the following secondary compounds are structurally similar to neurotransmitters and are mostly psychoactive?
A)saponins
B)tannins
C)flavonoids
D)terpenes
E)alkaloids
Answer: E
Q2) Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of _________ and _________.
Answer: fructose,glucose
Q3) One difference between RNA and DNA is that DNA contains the nitrogenous base,_________,whereas RNA contains the nitrogenous base,_________.
Answer: thymine,uracil
Q4) An angiosperm fruit develops from the flower part called the carpel.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) Amino acids differ from each other by the structure of their _________.
Answer: R-groups
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Chapter 2: The Plant Cell
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Q1) The "cement" that glues plant cells together is A)cytosol.
B)lignin.
C)cellulose.
D)the cytoskeleton.
E)pectin.
Answer: E
Q2) Which of the following terms is most closely associated with grana?
A)leucoplasts
B)stroma
C)thylakoids
D)vacuoles
E)plastids
Answer: C
Q3) When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,the cell becomes A)hypertonic.
B)plasmolyzed.
C)turgid.
D)osmotic.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Plant Body
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Q1) Palisade cells of a leaf primarily regulate gas exchange between the plant and the surrounding atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following structures found in an herbaceous dicot root but not in a monocot root?
A)epidermis
B)endodermis
C)cortex
D)pericycle
E)all of these structures are found in both herbaceous dicot roots and monocot roots.
Answer: D
Q3) The appearance of annual rings in wood is created by
A)smaller springwood cells and larger summerwood cells
B)heavily pigmented springwood cells and lightly pigmented summerwood cells
C)larger springwood cells and smaller summerwood cells
D)the presence of cells in springwood and the absence of cells in summerwood
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Plant Physiology
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Q1) In what direction do dissolved sugars move in a plant?
A)upward towards the stomata
B)downward towards the roots
C)to areas in need of energy regardless of direction
D)upward during the day and downward at night
Q2) What's the big dilemma plants face on a hot,dry day?
A)allowing H<sub>2</sub>O in while minimizing O<sub>2</sub> loss
B)allowing CO<sub>2</sub> in while minimizing H<sub>2</sub>O loss
C)allowing O<sub>2</sub> in while minimizing H<sub>2</sub>O loss
D)allowing O<sub>2</sub> in while minimizing CO<sub>2</sub> loss
Q3) Regarding translocation,which of the following tissues is a sink?
A)an actively growing fruit
B)an apical meristem
C)the cortex of a root
D)the pith of a stem
E)all of these are sinks
Q4) While photosynthesis uses electrons from _______ for its electron transport system,cellular respiration uses electrons from ________ for its electron transport system.
Q5) O<sub>2</sub>given off _____________
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Plant Life Cycle: Flowers
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Q1) The female gametophyte of flowering plants is called the ______.
Q2) When in meiosis is the haploid condition established?
A)after the first cytokinesis
B)after the second cytokinesis
C)between metaphase II and anaphase II
D)between telophase II and the second cytokinesis
Q3) Enfleurage is a process used in the production of A)honey.
B)alcoholic drinks.
C)molasses.
D)perfumes.
Q4) In the life cycle of a typical angiosperm,meiosis leads directly to the formation of A)sperm and eggs.
B)a zygote.
C)gametophytes.
D)microspores and megaspores.
E)sporophytes.
Q5) A unisexual flower lacking carpels would be called _____.
Q6) Fruit formation without fertilization is known as ______.
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Chapter 6: Plant Life Cycle: Fruits and Seeds
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Q1) The navel in a navel orange is actually an aborted _______.
Q2) Which of the following structures is a protective sheath surrounding the epicotyl?
A)coleoptile
B)coleorhiza
C)scutellum
D)testa
E)caryopsis
Q3) The first structure to emerge from a germinating seed is the A)epicotyl
B)hypocotyl
C)radicle
D)cotyledon
E)coleoptile
Q4) Solanum lycopersicum is the scientific name of _______.
A)apple
B)chestnut
C)orange
D)tomato
E)grapefruit
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Chapter 7: Genetics
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Q1) A cross between two F1 pink dahlia yields plants with 9 varieties of flower color.This is an example of
A)complete dominance.
B)incomplete dominance.
C)co-dominance.
D)polygenic inheritance.
E)linkagE.
Q2) Using bacterial _______,researchers are able to insert new genes into eukaryote cells to produce proteins of interest.
A)mRNA
B)plasmids
C)sex chromosomes
D)ribosomes
Q3) The result of polygenic inheritance is
A)continuous variation around a mean.
B)all heterozygous genotypes.
C)phenotypes that are distinct from each other.
D)novel phenotypic variations.
Q4) If both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote,the condition is called ______.
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Chapter 8: Plant Systematics and Evolution
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Q1) Who among the following is considered the "Father of Botany"?
A)Aristotle
B)Linnaeus
C)Dioscorides
D)Pliny the Elder
E)Theophrastus
Q2) In the taxonomic hierarchy,related genera are grouped into a A)species
B)order
C)family
D)class
E)kingdom
Q3) The purpose of the voyage of the HMS Beagle was to A)find proof of evolution.
B)discover new plants and animals for the Royal collection
C)map the coast of South America
D)start new English settlements in South America
Q4) A(n)_________ is a trait that promotes survival and reproductive success of an organism in a particular environment.
Q5) _____________ is a clade-based alternative to the Linnaean binomial system.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Diversity of Plant Life
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Q1) A club moss is a
A)bryophyte
B)lycophyte
C)pterophyte
D)hepatophyte
Q2) Which of the following plants has xylem and phloem?
A)mosses
B)hornworts
C)ferns
D)liverworts
E)none of these plants has xylem and phloem
Q3) Plants evolved from freshwater
A)green algae
B)brown algae
C)red algae
D)liverworts
Q4) Another name for the fern gametophyte is the _______.
Q5) Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed in fruits but are naked.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Human Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The form of iron found in plant sources is __________ whose absorption can be improved by vitamin C.
Q2) The vitamin,_______,is involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates before the Krebs cycle.
A)biotin
B)thiamine
C)niacin
D)B<sub>12</sub>
E)D
Q3) Which of the following is associated with obesity?
A)type 2 diabetes
B)hypertension
C)asthma
D)osteoarthritis
E)all of these are associated with obesity
Q4) _____ _____ on a food label indicate the percentage of a nutrient which is provided by a single serving of a food based on a 2000 Calorie diet.
Q5) Most dietary lipids are ____________.
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Chapter 11: Origins of Agriculture
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Q1) Natural selection shapes domesticated plants to suit human needs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The best evidence indicates that bananas were first cultivated in
A)New Guinea
B)Southeast Asia.
C)Mesoamerica.
D)Northern Africa.
E)the Fertile Crescent.
Q3) Archaeological evidence indicates that in Jarmo in northeastern Iraq,domestication of wheat and barley took place before ______ thousand years ago.
A)9
B)12
C)15
D)18
E)21
Q4) The ____________ is a site that has yielded the oldest agricultural evidence to date.
Q5) _______ is believed to be the first major food crop to have been domesticated.
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Chapter 12: The Grasses
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Q1) _______ is the cereal grain which feeds the most people worldwide.
Q2) Which of the following terms is not matched with its definition?
A)stolon - underground horizontal stem
B)lemma - outer bract surrounding a grass flower
C)culm - the stem of a grass plant
D)awn: slender bristle extending from a lemma
E)glume - a bract beneath a spikelet
Q3) All of the following describe hard wheat except one.Choose the exception.
A)higher gluten than soft wheat
B)used mainly in making bread
C)grown in areas with limited rainfall
D)lower protein content than soft wheat
Q4) Which is the best environment for growing rice?
A)high-elevation mountains.
B)lowland tropical areas periodically flooded.
C)cool,moist climates with sandy soils.
D)former lake beds in dry climates.
Q5) Sugarcane and bamboo are in the same botanical family as wheat;the scientific name of this family is _________.
Page 14
Q6) ._______ is primarily grown today to make the malt for brewing of beer.
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Chapter 13: Legumes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average amount of protein in beans is _______ percent.
A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20
E)25
Q2) Psophocarpus tetragonolobus is a potentially valuable legume because
A)it grows rapidly and produces versatile wood.
B)the oil can be used for producing ink and a lubricant.
C)all parts of the plant are edible and nutritious.
D)it can grow in a wide variety of climates.
E)it can fix nitrogen without Rhizobium.
Q3) _______ are legumes which have a higher protein content than lean beef.
Q4) The base oil for biodiesel fuel is ______ oil.
A)sunflower
B)lesquerella
C)soy
D)tung
E)olive
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Chapter 14: Starchy Staples
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Q1) How do tuberous roots differ from taproots?
A)tuberous roots do not store starch
B)tuberous roots develop from fibrous roots
C)tuberous roots are not edible
D)plants from tuberous roots are dicots
Q2) _______ is the component of starch that is a highly branched molecule.
Q3) Modified stems which grow horizontally underground and function in vegetative reproduction are called _stolons_______.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Solanum tuberosum were first domesticated in A)Ireland.
B)Chile.
C)Peru.
D)Mexico.
E)Idaho.
Q5) Grating and other methods of processing cassava are necessary to remove the toxin _________.
Q6) Yams are an important source of _______ used to make human sex hormones and cortisone.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Feeding a Hungry World
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Q1) The cheapest and most effective method for producing healthy plants is
A)large inputs of fertilizers.
B)large-scale spraying of pesticides.
C)development of disease- resistant varieties.
D)large-scale spraying of herbicides.
E)the practice of monoculturE.
Q2) Three factors that have encouraged the wide scale practice of monoculture are mechanization improved crop varieties,and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify the Andean crop with edible seeds and leaves that was known by the Incas as the "mother grain."
A)amaranth
B)tarwi
C)breadfruit
D)quinoa
Q4) For many genetically engineered crops a plasmid from the bacterium _______ has been used as a vector to transfer foreign genes into the crop.
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Chapter 16: Stimulating Beverages
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Q1) The insurance underwriting firm,Lloyd's of London,began as a A)chocolate shop.
B)tea parlor.
C)coffeehouse.
D)tea plantation.
E)restaurant.
Q2) Which of the following teas is fully fermented?
A)chai.
B)green.
C)white.
D)oolong.
E)black.
Q3) The pathogen that has devastated coffee crops historically and more recently is A)Phytopthora infestans.
B)Monilliophthora roreri
C)Crinipellis pernicisosa
D)Tricoderma spp.
E)Hemileia vastatrix.
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Chapter 17: Herbs and Spices
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Q1) Which of the following statements about aromatherapy is not true?
A)None of the essential oils have been shown to be effective in any way.
B)The aromatherapy industry is not regulated.
C)Rigorous scientific testing of essential oils has not been done.
D)Essential oils from varieties within the same species may have different effects.
E)Some essential oils can be toxic.
Q2) _______ and onion contain a sulfurous oil that impart a powerful taste and aroma which has a use as an antiseptic.
Q3) This spice is native to the Spice Islands and is from unopened flower buds that must remain unopened.This spice is derived from plants in the species
A)Cinnamomum cassiA.
B)Piper nigrum.
C)Myristica fragrans.
D)Zingiber officinale.
E)Eugenia caryophyllata.
Q4) The _______________ is a document from ancient Egypt that records the medicinal uses of many herbs and spices.
Q5) __________ are actually the dried unopened flower buds of a myrtle tree.
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Chapter 18: Materials: Cloth, Wood, and Paper
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Q1) The fibers of cotton are extensions from the A)vascular bundles.
B)root hairs.
C)seed coats.
D)leaf petioles.
E)secondary xylem.
Q2) Flax fibers are extracted using the ________ process.
A)finishing.
B)coiling.
C)ginning.
D)sizing.
E)retting.
Q3) Which of the following is not true about ramie?
A)it is a bast fiber.
B)chlorine is used to bleach the fibers
C)the ramie plant is a member of the nettle family
D)ramie fibers are long,strong,and lustrous
E)ramie fibers are brittle
Q4) The older,nonfunctional xylem of the trunk is known as ________,and is often dark in color.
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Chapter 19: Medicinal Plants
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Q1) Seeds and pits of many members of the rose family contain which type of glycoside?
A)cyanogenic
B)cardioactive
C)purgative
D)saponin
Q2) Hippocrates' "De Materia Medica" was the standard medical textbook in the 1700s.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Quinine directly kills plasmodium
A)merozoites.
B)sporozoites.
C)gametocytes.
D)merozoites and sporozoites.
E)sporozoites and gametocytes.
Q4) Saw palmetto inhibits alpha reductase,which converts testosterone into DHT. A)True
B)False
Q5) ______ is a plant that is the source of compounds that are effective decongestants as well as central nervous system stimulants.
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Chapter 20: Psychoactive Plants
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Q1) This psychoactive plant is an herbaceous annual that is a natural tetraploid hybrid.It has large leaves and a terminal inflorescence.This psychoactive plant is
A)Papaver somniferum
B)Erythroxylum coca
C)Cannabis sativa
D)Nicotiana tabacum
E)Lophophora williamsii
Q2) The first narcotic used in South America was A)tobacco.
B)cocaine.
C)peyote.
D)marijuana.
E)opium.
Q3) Widespread opium addiction in China ended after the A)first opium war.
B)establishment of the People's Republic of China.
C)second opium war.
D)Japanese invasion in World War II.
E)United States intervened to stop it.
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Chapter 21: Poisonous and Allergy Plants
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Q1) All of the plants below are correctly paired with the toxic compound they produce except one.Choose the exception.
A)Strychnos toxifera - curare
B)Conicum maculatum - cicutoxin
C)Asclepius spp.- galitoxin
D)Nerium oleander - nerioside
E)Sophora secundiflora - cytisine
Q2) What is the function of B-lymphocytes?
A)they bind directly to antigens
B)they produce antibodies
C)they produce antigens
D)they release histamine
E)B-lymphocytes have all of these functions
Q3) _______ belong to a family of common houseplants that are poisonous because of the presence of calcium oxalate crystals which will inflame the tongue and throat if eaten.
Q4) _______ is a natural insecticide from the roots of several tropical legumes that was originally used by indigenous peoples in South America to stun fish and make capture easier.
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Chapter 22: The Algae
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Q1) Which of the following substances has been shown to block the replication of rhinoviruses?
A)agar
B)alginic acid
C)carrageenan
D)cellulose
E)phycobillins
Q2) A heterocyst is a cell specialized for
A)photosynthesis.
B)nitrogen fixation.
C)sexual reproduction.
D)cellular respiration.
E)external digestion.
Q3) How do toxins produced by Microcystis aeruginosa cause damage?
A)by interfering with protein synthesis
B)by breaking down the cytoskeleton
C)by disrupting mitosis
D)by poking holes in the nuclear membrane
Q4) Agar is derived from ______ and is used as a growth medium for microorganisms.
Q5) The body of an alga is termed the ________.
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Chapter 23: Fungi in the Natural Environment
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Q1) Most fungal spores are dispersed by A)wind.
B)water.
C)insects.
D)small rodents.
Q2) If a basidiomycete has a diploid number of 12,what is the ploidy number immediately after karyogamy?
A)12
B)6
C)6 + 6
D)12 + 12
E)24
Q3) The myxomycetes are most like fungi in their ______ stage. A)feeding.
B)reproductive.
C)swarming.
D)dormant.
Q4) All fungi reproduce sexually.
A)True
B)False
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Beverages and Foods From Fungi
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Q1) In the making of distilled spirits,the _______ of beer or wine concentrates the alcohol.
A)double fermentation
B)boiling
C)acidifying
D)filtering
E)oxidizing
Q2) _______ _______ syndrome is the damage done to the fetus whose mothers drank immoderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of wine grape plants?
A)flowers are three-parted
B)leaves are pinnately compound
C)flowers are imperfect
D)flowers are self-pollinating
E)none of these are characteristics of wine grape plants
Q4) Quorn mycoprotein is a high-protein meat substitute obtained from the mycelium of a fungus.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The year a wine was made is called its ______ year.
Page 26
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Chapter 25: Fungi That Affect Human Health
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Q1) Which of the following is one of the most common allergenic fungi?
A)Coccidioides
B)Aspergillus
C)Candida
D)Alternaria
E)Trichophyton
Q2) Antibiotics have ended the threat of bacterial diseases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Ergot are fungal
A)basidiocarps.
B)asci.
C)arbuscles.
D)sclerotia.
E)conidia.
Q4) Statin drugs were originally developed to reduce _______ levels and are now being hailed as new wonder drugs.
Q5) Common saprobes that can cause systemic infections in immune-compromised patients are called _________ pathogens.
Q6) A ringworm infection occurring on the scalp is called ______.
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Chapter 26: Plant Ecology
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Q1) Firs trees,spotted owls,rodents,slugs,and various fungal species living in a Pacific Northwest forest constitute a(n)
A)ecosystem.
B)community.
C)population.
D)biosphere.
E)combination of all of thesE.
Q2) When a car is driven,only about 10% of the high-quality chemical energy available in the gasoline is converted into mechanical energy to propel the vehicle.The remaining 90% is degraded to low quality heat that is released into the environment.This is an illustration of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A xerophyte may have which of the following adaptations?
A)succulent stems
B)aerial roots
C)germinate during the dry summer season
D)a xerophyte may have all of these adaptations
Q4) 410 _______
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