Plant Anatomy and Morphology
Question Bank
Course Introduction
Plant Anatomy and Morphology explores the structural organization and development of plants at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The course examines the internal anatomy of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive organs, emphasizing cell types, tissue systems, and organ differentiation. Students will study plant form and function, investigating how anatomical and morphological features contribute to adaptation, growth, and reproduction. Through laboratory and theoretical studies, the course provides foundational knowledge essential for understanding plant physiology, ecology, taxonomy, and the application of anatomical principles in fields such as agriculture, forestry, and biotechnology.
Recommended Textbook
Sterns Introductory Plant Biology 13th Edition by James Bidlack
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Chapter 1: What Is Plant Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Plants can live without humans but humans cannot live without plants.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) An experiment to test an hypothesis
A) should have one specific aspect or variable that is altered.
B) have a control in which a specific aspect or variable is not changed. C) must be repeatable by others so that the results may be confirmed or refuted.
D) all of these are needed for a good experiment.
Answer: D
Q3) Humans have contributed to global warming and atmospheric pollution which, in turn will affect plant distribution.However, a change in plant distribution will not affect animal populations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Science may be defined as "a search for knowledge of the natural world."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nucleotides and amino acids are both "building blocks" of larger molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Two different atoms, each with 7 electrons in their outmost energy shell, may share two pairs of electrons; that is, a double bond is formed between the two atoms.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Hydrolysis of starch involves the addition of water molecules to the starch molecule.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) The preprophase band, the spindle fibers, and the phragmoplast are involved in cell division and are part of the cytoskeleton.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Enzymes are synthesized on
A) ribosomes.
B) chloroplasts.
C) Golgi bodies.
D) the nucleus.
E) microbodies.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a component of cell walls?
A) RNA
B) cellulose
C) lignin
D) protein
E) pectin
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tiny cavity at the center of fiber and stone cells is called a A) vacuole.
B) air space.
C) lumen.
D) food pocket.
E) water-storage area.
Q2) Which of the following cells has a relatively thick wall?
A) companion cell
B) parenchyma cell
C) sclereid
D) sieve-tube element
E) vascular cambium cell
Q3) In grasses and related plants, intercalary meristems are found in the vicinity of A) axillary buds.
B) roots.
C) nodes.
D) cuticles.
E) leaf tips.
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Chapter 5: Roots and Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) A root hair consists of a short row of cells.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following cells is relatively thin-walled?
A) stone cell
B) fiber
C) tracheid
D) vessel element
E) passage cell
Q3) Water that drains out of the pores in soils after a rain is called
A) capillary water.
B) gravitational water.
C) hygroscopic water.
D) field capacity.
E) available water.
Q4) The protective suberin bands called Casparian strips are confined to the cells of the epidermis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Stems
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Sample Questions
Q1) An annual ring
A) consists primarily of cells produced by an apical meristem.
B) consists of one year's growth of xylem and phloem.
C) consists of one year's growth of xylem.
D) includes cortex and pith tissue.
E) conducts food.
Q2) The tyloses that prevent conduction of any kind in wood are most frequently found in A) laticifers.
B) sieve-tube elements.
C) resin canals.
D) cork cells.
E) xylem cells.
Q3) The procambium produces
A) secondary xylem and phloem.
B) cortex.
C) pith.
D) epidermis.
E) primary xylem and phloem.
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8
Chapter 7: Leaves
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Sample Questions
Q1) The plant part that facilitates a leaf blade being oriented at right angles to the sun is a/an
A) stipule.
B) axillary bud.
C) terminal bud.
D) midrib.
E) petiole.
Q2) All healthy leaves of insectivorous plants actively trap insects and other small organisms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The jacket of cells surrounding a leaf vein is usually termed a/an
A) bundle sheath.
B) protective parenchyma layer.
C) fiber-tracheid layer.
D) ray.
E) myelin sheath.
Q4) Most natural ropes and twines are made from leaf fibers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups of fruits would botanically be classified as nuts?
A) almonds, walnuts
B) coconuts, cashews
C) peanuts, pistachios
D) brazil nuts, pecans
E) acorns, hazelnuts
Q2) Humidity changes play an important role in the dispersal of some seeds and fruits.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Dicots are now classified in the class _________________.The common name refers to the production of ___ seed leaves.
A) Monocotyledonae; one
B) Dicotyledonae; one
C) Magnoliopsida; two
D) Liliopsida; two
E) Liliopsida; one
Q4) After-ripening is a process of embryo development in a seed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Water in Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many studies leading to our present knowledge of translocation of food in plants utilized radioactive tracers and
A) cane sugar (sucrose).
B) aphids.
C) osmometers.
D) fungi.
E) algae.
Q2) All essential macro- and microelements exist as part of organic molecules in the plant except
A) potassium.
B) phosphorus.
C) nitrogen.
D) hydrogen.
E) carbon.
Q3) Plants that have their stomata elevated above the surface include A) a few tropical plants.
B) pines.
C) cacti.
D) water lilies.
E) most grasses.
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Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hydroponically grown plants are grown in a nutrient solution in which air is bubbled.Why is bubbling of air through the solution needed?
A) Without the air, the solution would become so hot that the enzymes would denature.
B) Bubbling of air through the solution allows soil microbes to thrive.
C) Water and nutrient solutions don't have enough oxygen to sustain aerobic respiration.
D) The bubbling solution increases the relative humidity within the plant chamber which is needed for plant growth.
E) Bubbling of air in the solution is not really needed; its just what is done.
Q2) Resins, gums, oils, and other substances may be manufactured during the process of assimilation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cytochromes are the principal acceptor molecules in an electron transport chain. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Growth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The flowering of Arabidopsis is a result of turning on a gene called _______________________ which produces of a protein that moves from the leaves to the buds to initiate flowering.
A) phytochrome
B) CONSTANS
C) florigen
D) FLOWERING TIME
E) gibberellin
Q2) One cellular process that is affected by auxin is the ____________________.
A) promotion of cell division in the cambium
B) stimulation of ion transport into the vacuole
C) formation of chloroplasts
D) inhibition of ATP synthesis
E) opening of stomates
Q3) Garner and Allard were responsible for coining the term photoperiodism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Phototropic responses may vary according to light intensity.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Meiosis and Alternation of Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur?
A) Prophase I
B) Prophase II
C) Metaphase I
D) Metaphase II
E) Anaphase II
Q2) Sporophytes produce _____ by the process of meiosis.
A) gametes
B) spores
C) vegetative cells
D) egg cells only
E) sperm cells
Q3) Two chromosomes that are morphologically similar, but potentially carry different versions of each gene are referred to as ______________.
A) chromatids
B) centromeres
C) homologues
D) spindle fiber elements
E) gene pairs
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Assume the same cross as in question 24.If the F2 generation involves thousands of individual plants that are carefully counted, and four different phenotypes in a ratio other than 9:3:3:1 are noted, which of the following would be suspected?
A) Absence of dominance.
B) Linkage.
C) Leakage of color.
D) No crossing-over had occurred.
E) Genes were not involved in the cross.
Q2) When Mendel crossed tall pea plants with short ones, all of the offspring were intermediate in height.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Changes in chromosome number and structure that ____________________ are important in the origin of new species (speciation).
A) are point mutations
B) create new alleles
C) affect the success of meiosis and sexual reproduction
D) interfere with mitosis
E) alter the phenotype of the individual in a somatic mutation
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Chapter 14: Plant Breeding and Propagation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A plant resulting from the fusion of two protoplasts from different species is called a somatic hybrid.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Repair enzymes link DNA fragments together.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Budding is a form of grafting widely used commercially.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A gene pool consists of
A) a liquid suspension of plasmids.
B) DNA fragments that have been broken by restriction enzymes.
C) an aquatic environment inhabited by large numbers of mutant organisms.
D) all the genes of all the individuals in a population.
E) genetically engineered organisms.
Q5) Mericloning, the cloning of meristems, significantly reduces the lenfth of time it takes for orchid plants to flower.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hybridization between two closely related species followed by doubling of all sets of chromosomes results in a/an __________________ that is ___________. [first word fills in the first blank; second word, the second blank.]
A) allopolyploid; sterile
B) autopolyploid; fertile
C) allopolyploid; fertile
D) autopolyploid; sterile
E) triploid; sterile
Q2) Gene flow occurs when a strong wind blows significant number of seeds from one population into a second population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In addition to his work on natural selection, Charles Darwin is recognized as the pioneer of scientific naming.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The least complex fossils generally are found in the oldest geological strata.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Plant Names and Classification
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the hierarchy of classification, a Class is higher in rank than an Order.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following species concepts is not very useful in defining plant species because some plant groups readily hybridize with other plant groups?
A) Interbreeding species concept.
B) Morphological species concept.
C) Phylogenetic species concept.
D) Ecological species concept.
E) Ecological species concept
Q3) Which of the following factors lead to changes at the kingdom and domain level of classification?
A) New tools such as microscopes that allow scientists to see more structural and morphological detail.
B) Techniques in molecular biology that allow scientists to compare genetic characteristics.
C) Discovery of different physiology and behaviors of species.
D) Changes in the way data obtained from various sources is analyzed.
E) All of the above drive changes in classification systems.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Domain Kingdombacteria, Domain
King-Domarchaea, and Viruses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The exterior surface of a virus is usually _________________.
A) an RNA molecule
B) a protein coat
C) the nucleic acid core
D) the envelope
E) a DNA molecule
Q2) True bacteria may get their nutrition from __________________.
A) nonliving organic matter (saprobes)
B) other living organisms (parasites)
C) from sunlight (autotrophs)
D) from inorganic chemicals (chemoautotrophs)
E) All these modes of nutrition are used by some eubacteria species
Q3) The red pigment that enables salt bacteria to carry on a simple form of photosynthesis is
A) anthocyanin.
B) carotene.
C) phycocyanin.
D) phycoerythrin.
E) bacterial rhodopsin.
19
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Chapter 18: Kingdom Protista
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Sample Questions
Q1) Algae populations are often commonly observed in aquatic or moist environments.They have many common names, including _______________.
A) seaweeds
B) pond scum
C) fish tank films
D) 'green' swimming pools
E) all of the above may be used to refer to populations of algae
Q2) Brown algae are the principal source of agar.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A slime mold with individual amoebalike cells that never are in true plasmodia belongs to a small group known as ___________________.
A) coenocytic slime molds
B) amoeboid slime molds
C) chytridian slime molds
D) cellular slime molds
E) capillitial slime molds
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Chapter 19: Kingdom Fungi
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Q1) The dung-inhabiting Pilobolus fungus is __________, and can catapult sporangia up to 8 meters (26 feet)away from the dung pile where they are growing.
A) moisture sensitive
B) temperature sensitive
C) sensitive to grazing animals
D) light sensitive
E) dangerous
Q2) In mushrooms, meiosis takes place in this structure.
A) ascus
B) basidium
C) sporangium
D) hyphae
E) underground mycelium
Q3) An attempt to control rusts that need two hosts to complete their life cycle involves eradication of the non-economical alternate host.
A)True
B)False
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21
Chapter 20: Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peat mosses are currently harvested and used ______________.
A) as soil additives to increase water retention
B) as soil additives to increase soil acidity
C) as packing material for live specimens
D) in the production of Scotch whiskey
E) all of these are current uses for peat mosses
Q2) From an economic perspective the most important bryophytes are the A) liverworts.
B) rock mosses.
C) peat mosses.
D) hornworts.
E) true mosses.
Q3) A moss calyptra
A) has cells with 2n chromosomes.
B) functions primarily in directly covering the peristome.
C) is photosynthetic at maturity.
D) is always present as the spores are released.
E) originates with the archegonium.
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22
Chapter 21: The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their
Relatives
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Sample Questions
Q1) The substance in horsetail stems that makes them suitable for scouring is
A) magnesium salts.
B) silica.
C) calcium carbonate.
D) table salt.
E) potassium chloride.
Q2) The spores of which of the following were used at one time for flashlight powder in photography and the theater?
A) ferns
B) club mosses
C) true mosses
D) quillworts
E) horsetails
Q3) The soft coal, cannel, consists primarily of carbonized spores of giant horsetails and club mosses.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ancient relatives of both club mosses and horsetails were large and treelike.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups of gymnosperms have vessels in their wood?
A) gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta)
B) conifers (Division Coniferophyta)
C) Ginkgoes (Division Ginkgophyta)
D) Cycads (Division Cycadophyta)
E) all of these answers are correct
Q2) Giant redwoods are easily damaged in forest fires because of their thin bark.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Resin consists of turpentine and rosin.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Western North America contains populations of the tallest, most massive and oldest of the gymnosperms living.They are: _________________.
A) california gum tree, elephant tree and creosote
B) coastal redwood, giant redwood and bristlecone pine
C) bald cypress, red pine and jack pine
D) zamia, red cedar and dawn redwood
E) none of these
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Chapter 23: Seed Plants: Angiosperms
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Q1) Pollen is produced in this flower part.
A) sepal
B) petal
C) stamen
D) carpel
E) anther
Q2) Pollen grains adhere to the _____ of the flower.
A) stigma
B) style
C) carpel
D) stamen
E) anther
Q3) In this question, assume that the life cycle of a flowering plant begins with the germination of a seed and ends with the development of a fruit.Two events that occur in the life cycle are the formation of antipodals and the formation of synergids.
A) The first event precedes the second event.
B) The second event precedes the first event.
C) Both events occur more or less simultaneously.
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25
Chapter 24: Flowering Plants and Civilization
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Q1) The original name of the Mustard Family, Cruciferae, came from the fact that flowers of the family have petals in the form of a cross.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Asparagus, soaproot, and sansevieria are all members of the
A) Carrot Family.
B) Lily Family.
C) Sunflower Family.
D) Mustard Family.
E) Buttercup Family.
Q3) N.I.Vavilov followed up work on the origin of cultivated plants by a Swiss botanist named
A) Alphonse de Candolle.
B) Hans Yodeler.
C) Carl Linnaeus.
D) Theophrastus.
E) Wilhelm Schmidt.
Q4) Cherries, peaches, plums, and apples belong to the legume family.
A)True
B)False
Page 26
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Chapter 25: Ecology
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Q1) Plants obtain their nitrogen supply directly from
A) atmospheric nitrogen.
B) nitrates or ammonia.
C) proteins in the soil.
D) fertilizers.
E) soil bacteria.
Q2) Kudzu, tamarisk, and the agents that cause Dutch Elm disease and American Chestnut blight are examples of how introduction of foreign species can disrupt natural ecosystems.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nitrogen fixation refers to ______________________.
A) the conversion of organic proteins to nitrogen gas by bacteria
B) chemical conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia in chemical fertilizer production
C) conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia or nitrates by bacteria
D) use of atmospheric nitrogen by plants
E) the presence of nitrogen in proteins of living organisms
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Chapter 26: Biomes
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Q1) Hardwood trees such as oak, maple, walnut, and cherry are vegetational types of:
A) tropical rain forests.
B) temperate deciduous forests.
C) coniferous forests.
D) taiga.
E) tundra.
Q2) The climate consists of dry, hot summers and cool, moist winters.The vegetation is characterized by having shrubs with multiple stems arising at the base and extensive root system.This description of climate and vegetation describe the __________biome.
A) savanna
B) chaparral
C) desert
D) tall grass praire
E) grassland
Q3) The very large trees (the coastal redwoods)in the coastal forest biome can attribute their growth and longevity, at least in part, to the presence of fog that lessens transpiration.
A)True
B)False
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