Physiology for Nutrition Science
Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles of human physiology with a special emphasis on their relevance to nutrition science. Students will examine the structure and function of major organ systems, understanding how the body processes nutrients, maintains homeostasis, and responds to dietary changes. Topics include digestion and absorption, metabolism, endocrine regulation, energy balance, and the physiological impact of various nutrients and dietary patterns. By integrating physiological concepts with nutrition science, the course provides a foundation for understanding how proper nutrition supports health and how imbalances can contribute to disease.
Recommended Textbook
Fundamentals of Human Physiology 4th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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18 Chapters
4200 Verified Questions
4200 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The body cells are in direct contact with and make life-sustaining exchanges with the ____________________.
Answer: internal environment (extracellular fluid)
Q2) Highly differentiated tissues such as nervous and cardiac muscle are incapable of new cell production.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following factors of the internal environment is not homeostatically maintained?
A) its concentration of nutrient molecules.
B) its concentration of nitrogen gas, of which 80% of the atmospheric air is composed.
C) its concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D) its pH.
E) its temperature.
Answer: B
Q4) Sweat glands
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phagocytosis is a function of which cell type?
A) epithelial.
B) muscle.
C) nerve.
D) red blood.
E) white blood.
Answer: E
Q2) Which structure is not associated with the secretion of proteins produced by ER?
A) golgi complex.
B) smooth ER.
C) transport vesicles.
D) lysosomal membrane.
E) plasma membrane.
Answer: D
Q3) The ____________________ ER is the central packaging and discharge site for molecules to be transported from the ER.
Answer: smooth
Q4) ____________________ is a peroxisomal enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
Answer: catalase
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Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
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Sample Questions
Q1) A. amount of Na? transported out of the cell by the Na?-K? pump
B. amount of K? transported into the cell by the Na?-K? pump
A)A is greater than B
B)B is greater than A
C)A and B are equal
Answer: A
Q2) Assume that a membrane that is permeable to Na<sup>+</sup> but not to Cl<sup>-</sup> separates two solutions. The concentration of sodium chloride on side 1 is much higher than on side 2. Which of the following ionic movements will take place?
A) Na<sup>+</sup> will move until its concentration gradient is dissipated (i.e., until the concentration of Na<sup>+</sup> on side 2 is the same as the concentration of Na<sup>+</sup> on side 1).
B) Cl<sup>-</sup> will move down its concentration gradient from side 1 to side 2.
C) a membrane potential, negative on side 1, will develop.
D) a membrane potential, positive on side 1, will develop.
E) more than one of these answers.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the second-messenger
A) a small amount of one hormone (the second messenger) is required to release another.
B) a tropic hormone (the first messenger) stimulates secretion of another hormone (the second messenger).
C) the hormone first binds to a specific surface receptor, whereupon the hormone-receptor complex moves into the cell to combine with a specific intracellular receptor.
D) releasing hormones (the first messenger) from the hypothalamus regulate many anterior pituitary hormones (the second messenger).
E) a hormone (the first messenger) binds to surface receptors activating adenylate cyclase, catalyzing cAMP formation.
Q2) The ______ effect is a multiplying effect of second messenger pathways.
Q3) During the resting membrane potential, the inside of a neuron is net ____________________ by charge.
Q4) Cerebral cortex can influence activities.
A)applies to the endocrine system
B)applies to the nervous system
C)applies to both the endocrine and nervous systems
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) carries sensory information into the spinal cord
A)sensory receptor
B)afferent pathway
C)integrating center
D)efferent pathway
E)effector
Q2) Contains centers for respiration, heart and blood vessel function, and many digestive activities.
A)cerebellum
B)hypothalamus
C)brain stem
D)basal nuclei
E)cerebral cortex
Q3) Contrast the functions of the following pairs: thalamus and hypothalamus; cerebellum and basal nuclei.
Q4) location of cell bodies for efferent neurons
A)gray matter of spinal cord.
B)white matter of spinal cord
C)dorsal root ganglion
Q5) Digestive organs only
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Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special
Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three types of cones are
A) black, red, and white.
B) blue, green, and red.
C) blue, green, and white.
D) green, orange, and yellow.
E) orange, yellow, and white.
Q2) In light adaptation,
A) rhodopsin levels increase in rods.
B) rhodopsin levels decrease in rods.
C) cones become active.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.
Q3) Components aligned in three different planes all perpendicular to each other.
A)external ear
B)middle ear
C)cochlea in the inner ear
D)semicircular canal in the inner ear
E)utricle and saccule in the inner ear
Q4) The refractive structure of the eye that has the ability to change its strength is the
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Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) Preganglionic fiber secretes acetylcholine.
A)sympathetic nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system
C)both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
D)somatic system
Q2) Describe the importance of afferent visceral information in normal ANS function.
Q3) The parasympathetic system is sometimes called "rest and _______."
Q4) causes bladder emptying
A)the parasympathetic division
B)the sympathetic division
C)both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
Q5) An EPP is a graded potential.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Acetylcholinesterase
A) has enhanced activity from organophosphates.
B) inactivates a neurotransmitter.
C) is a neurotransmitter.
D) stimulates an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Page 9
E) triggers the release of sodium into postsynaptic cells.
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Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the step in excitation-contraction below, which occurs last?
A) exposed actin sites bind with myosin cross bridges.
B) sodium channels open in the fiber's membrane.
C) calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) troponin binds calcium.
E) attachment of ATP allows for cross bridge detachment.
Q2) Is involved in negative feedback.
A)muscle spindle
B)Golgi tendon organ
C)both of these receptors
Q3) myoglobin
A)a storage form of glucose used in muscle cells requiring rapid energy release.
B)a molecule which can quickly, but temporarily make ATP.
C)an oxygen storing protein making muscle tissue appear.
D)a fuel molecule for cell respiration or fermentation.
E)our fermentation product when our cells become anaerobic.
Q4) For a(n) ____________________ isotonic contraction, the contraction resists the stretching of the muscle.
Q5) A(n) ____________________ develops following sustained anaerobic activity of muscles.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases only the force of contraction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Parasympathetic stimulation increases the permeability of the SA node to _____, whereas sympathetic stimulation decreases the permeability to this same ion.
A)K<sup>+</sup>
B)Na<sup>+</sup>
C)Ca<sup>2+</sup>
Q3) The end-systolic volume is
A) the volume of blood in the ventricle when ejection is complete.
B) the volume of blood in the ventricle when filling is complete.
C) always equal to the stroke volume.
D) the volume of blood in the ventricle when ejection is complete and always equal to the stroke volume.
E) the volume of blood in the ventricle when filling is complete and always equal to the stroke volume.
Q4) The ____________________ is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/minute.
Q5) An increase in parasympathetic activity ____________________ the heart rate.
Q6) right ventricle
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
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Sample Questions
Q1) These vessels allow blood to bypass capillary beds:
A) arterioles.
B) capillaries.
C) metarterioles.
D) arteries.
E) none of these answers.
Q2) What is the systolic pressure?
A)118 mm Hg
B)42 mm Hg
C)97 mm Hg
D)76 mm Hg
E)90 mm Hg
Q3) Vasoconstriction refers to a decrease in the radius of a vessel.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A deficiency of ____________________ in the blood reduces the blood-colloid osmotic pressure.
Q5) Caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide
Q6) Movement of fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid is known as
12
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Chapter 11: The Blood and Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Associated with malaria.
A)aplastic anemia
B)pernicious anemia
C)hemolytic anemia
D)hemorrhagic anemia
E)polycythemia
F)leukemia
G)neutrophilia
H)sickle cell anemia
Q2) The precursor for thrombin is ____________________.
Q3) Associated with sickle cell anemia.
A)aplastic anemia
B)pernicious anemia
C)hemolytic anemia
D)hemorrhagic anemia
E)polycythemia
F)leukemia
G)neutrophilia
H)sickle cell anemia
Q4) Pathogens are microorganisms that cause ____________________.
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Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The residual volume
A) helps prevent lung collapse.
B) is the normal volume of air inhaled.
C) is the normal volume of air exhaled.
D) is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired.
E) is the minimum volume of air that can be inspired.
Q2) vital capacity + residual volume
A)vital capacity
B)respiratory rate
C)FEV1
D)tidal volume
E)residual volume
F)total lung capacity
G)functional residual capacity
H)alveolar ventilation
I)pulmonary ventilation
J)inspiratory reserve volume
K)expiratory reserve volume
L)inspiratory capacity
M)anatomic dead space volume
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bladder contractions are stimulated by ____________________ fibers that stimulate contractions by releasing ____________.
Q2) The greatest percentage of Na<sup>+</sup> reabsorption takes place in the
A) proximal tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) distal tubule.
D) collecting tubule.
E) renal pelvis.
Q3) The peritubular capillaries.
A) supply nutrients and O<sub>2</sub> to the tubular cells.
B) take up the substances that are reabsorbed by the tubules.
C) supply substances that are secreted by the tubules.
D) all of these answers.
E) none of these answers.
Q4) The GLUT transporter is:
A) moves salt
B) moves water
C) is found in the distal tubules
D) located on the basolateral membrane of tubule cells
E) is an active transporter
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) aspirin poisoning
A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
Q2) This occurs as a consequence of excessive vasopressin secretion.
A)overhydration
B)dehydration
C)both overhydration and dehydration
D)neither overhydration or dehydration
Q3) The primary ECF cation is ____, and the primary ICF cation is ____.
A) K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>
B) K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>
C) Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>
D) Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>
E) Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>
Q4) The only cause of hypotonicity is drinking excess fluid.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe how ECF osmolarity is maintained and relate to water balance.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fatty acids and monoglycerides turned into triglycerides
A)Step 1
B)Step 2
C)Step 3
D)Step 4
E)Step 5
F)Step 6
G)Step 7
H)Step 8
Q2) Secreted by the small intestine mucosa.
A)both secretin and CCK
B)secretin
C)CCK
D)gastrin
Q3) Pancreatic exocrine secretions:
A) include CCK and secretin
B) include enzymes for carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion
C) are acidic
D) are regulated by gastrin and GIP
E) include insulin
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sweating is the only mechanism for heat loss when body temperature is the same as environmental temperature.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When the surrounding temperature is low, heat is lost from the body by means of A) radiation.
B) conduction/convection.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis.
D) both radiation and conduction/convection are correct.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Heat can be lost directly to the external environment by the vasodilation of blood vessels in the ____.
A) hypothalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) skin.
D) cerebral cortex.
E) medulla.
Q4) The disorder characterized by a pathological fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image is ____________________.
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Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements concerning the synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones is incorrect?
A) the "iodine pump" of the follicular cells is important for thyroid hormone production.
B) thyroid hormones are formed within a much larger molecule called thyroglobulin.
C) thyroid-hormone synthesis is greatly stimulated by the presence of TSH.
D) a one- to two-hour supply of thyroid hormone is stored within the colloid in the lumen of the follicle.
E) the coupling of two DIT molecules yields thyroxine.
Q2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
A) is a tropic hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B) stimulates the production of androgens by the testes.
C) is controlled in part by CRH from the hypothalamus.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Insulin _____ blood amino acids.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)has no effect on
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Chapter 18: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood is exchanged between the mother and fetus across the placenta.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The number of primary oocytes in a female
A) is decreased continually throughout her reproductive life from puberty to menopause.
B) is maintained constant during her reproductive life because those that are lost are continuously replaced by an equal number of new primary oocytes.
C) increases at the time of menopause.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.
Q3) A(n) ____________________ is the cutting and tying off of the ductus deferens.
Q4) Which of the following statements concerning testosterone is incorrect? Testosterone
A) secretion is stimulated by LH.
B) is secreted by the seminiferous tubules.
C) stimulates spermatogenesis.
D) promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate.
E) stimulates protein synthesis and promotes bone growth.
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Page 20