Physiology and Cellular Biology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Physiology and Cellular Biology explores the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the functioning of living organisms, with a focus on both the cellular and systemic levels. The course covers the structure and function of cells, the biochemical processes vital for cellular activity, and how cells integrate to form tissues and organs. Students will examine processes such as signal transduction, membrane transport, energy production, and gene expression, as well as how these contribute to physiological functions like homeostasis, metabolism, and intercellular communication. Emphasis is placed on understanding the connection between cellular mechanisms and the physiological responses of organisms, preparing students for advanced studies in biomedical and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Histology and Cell Biology An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by Abraham L Kierszenbaum
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23 Chapters
246 Verified Questions
246 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Epithelium
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18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During which phase of mitosis does the kinetochore form?
A) Anaphase A
B) Anaphase B
C) Metaphase
D) Prophase
E) Telophase
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following are important components of axonemes?
A) Actin
B) Intermediate filaments
C) Microfilaments
D) Microtubules
E) Myosin
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Epithelial Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organelle is responsible for degrading proteins?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Lysosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B
Q2) The mode of exocrine gland secretion in which the secretory product is released in a pinched-off piece of the plasma membrane is
A) Apocrine
B) Eccrine
C) Endocrine
D) Holocrine
E) Merocrine
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Cell Signaling
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Sample Questions
Q1) A secreted chemical messenger meant to act on an adjacent cell is called a(n)
A) Autocrine
B) Hormone
C) Neurohormone
D) Neurotransmitter
E) Paracrine
Answer: E
Q2) A ligand binding to a(n) _____ receptor directly results in phosphorylation
A) Cytokine
B) G protein-coupled
C) Intracellular
D) Threonine kinase
E) Tyrosine kinase
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Connective Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are mature cartilage cells called?
A) Chondroblasts
B) Chondrocytes
C) Chondrogenic cells
D) Osteoblasts
E) Osteocytes
Q2) Which of the following characteristics makes cartilage an unusual connective tissue?
A) It functions in mechanical support
B) It has a ground substance
C) It contains both mature and immature cells
D) It is avascular
E) It contains protein fibers
Q3) Connective tissue is composed of all of the following except A) Extracellular matrix
B) Fibroblasts
C) Ground substance
D) Junctional complexes
E) Protein fibers
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Osteogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) What occurs in the hypertrophic zone during endochondral ossificiation?
A) Chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage undergo mitosis and growth
B) Invasion of empty lacunae by osteoprogenitor cells
C) Penetration of calcified septa by blood vessels
D) Programmed cell death of chondrocytes
E) Proliferating chondrocytes organize into parallel columns
Q2) During the lengthening of long bones, the zone in which cartilage cells undergo cell division and become organized into rows of isogenous cells is the
A) Calcification zone
B) Hypertrophic zone
C) Proliferative zone
D) Reserve zone
E) Vascular invasion zone
Q3) Parathyroid hormone
A) Decreases calcium levels in the blood
B) Increases calcium excretion in the kidneys
C) Inhibits osteoclast activity
D) Is released by the thyroid gland
E) Stimulates osteoclast activity
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Blood and Hematopoiesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cell types are functionally related to mast cells in that they release histamine and other vasoactive substances?
A) Basophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Erythrocytes
D) Monocytes
E) Neutrophils
Q2) The majority of the formed elements of blood are
A) Eosinophils
B) Erythrocytes
C) Lymphocytes
D) Monocytes
E) Thrombocytes
Q3) One major protein of plasma that is involved in blood clotting is
A) Albumin
B) Fibrinogen
C) Globulin
D) Immunoglobulin
E) Spectrin
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Muscle Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Following stimulation at the neuromuscular junction, Ca<sup>2+</sup> binds to ____ on thin Filaments.
A) F-actin
B) G-actin
C) Nebulin 77
D) Tropomyosin
E) Troponin
Q2) Following the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, an action potential travels along the _____ to the interior of the muscle cell.
A) Sarcomere
B) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) Thick filament
D) Thin filament
E) Transverse tubule
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9
Chapter 8: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interneurons are found
A) Only in the brain
B) Only in the central nervous system
C) Only in the peripheral nervous system
D) Only in the spinal cord
E) Throughout the nervous system
Q2) Cell bodies of which of the following type of neuron are found in dorsal root ganglia?
A) Central nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
C) Sensory
D) Somatic motor
E) Sympathetic
Q3) Neurotransmitters synthesized in the soma of a neuron reach the synaptic cleft via
A) Action potentials
B) Anterograde axonal transport
C) Graded potentials
D) Retrograde axonal transport
E) Synaptic activity
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10
Chapter 9: Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the aqueous humor produced by the ciliary body drains into the
A) Aqueous veins
B) Canal of Schlemm
C) External collecting channel
D) Scleral plexus
E) Trabecular meshwork
Q2) The muscle responsible for accommodation is found in the
A) Cornea
B) Inner tunica
C) Retina
D) Sclera
E) Uvea
Q3) The photoreceptor neurons of the retina synapse on ____
A) Amacrine cells
B) Bipolar cells
C) Ganglion cells
D) Horizontal cells
E) Müller cells
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11
Chapter 10: Immune-Lymphatic System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is found in the red pulp of the spleen?
A) B and T cells
B) Central arteriole
C) Corona
D) Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
E) Splenic cords
Q2) Helper T cells
A) Activate B cells to produce specific antibodies
B) Differentiate into cytotoxic T cells upon re-exposure to a known pathogen
C) Help T cells recognize antigens as nonself
D) Recognize and kill viral cells by secreting perforin
E) Secrete interferon upon contact with a virus
Q3) Activated B cells proliferate in the _____ of a lymph node.
A) Capsule
B) Germinal center
C) Mantle zone
D) Subcapsular sinus
E) Trabeculae
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Chapter 11: Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ is a vascularized, innervated structure where new hair growth occurs
A) Arrector pili
B) Dermal papilla
C) Hair follicle
D) Hair root plexus
E) Hair shaft
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of the hypodermis?
A) It contains muscles in the head and neck
B) It helps to insulate and cushion underlying tissue
C) It is considered to be the third layer of the skin
D) It is made up primarily of adipose and areolar tissue
E) It secures the cutaneous membrane to underlying tissue
Q3) These cells are responsible for producing a pigment that protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation
A) Basal (satellite) cells
B) Keratinocytes
C) Langerhans cells
D) Melanocytes
E) Merkel cells
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System
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12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Arteries are best described as
A) Thick-walled vessels that carry blood toward the heart
B) Thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated blood
C) Thin-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart
D) Thin-walled vessels that carry deoxygenated blood
E) Not one of the above is an accurate description of arteries
Q2) Which of the following is not a component of the tunica intima of a muscular artery?
A) Internal elastic lamina
B) Simple squamous epithelia
C) Smooth muscle
D) Subendothelial connective tissue
E) All of the above compose the muscular artery tunica intima
Q3) Vessels that regulate blood flow into capillary beds are
A) Arterioles
B) Elastic arteries
C) Muscular arteries
D) Veins
E) Venules
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Chapter 13: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where are Bowman's glands located?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchioles
C) Nasal vestibule
D) Olfactory region of nasal cavity
E) Posterior nasal cavity
Q2) Among other cells, goblet cells and cells of Kulchitsky are located in which structure?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchioles
C) Larynx
D) Nasopharynx
E) Trachea
Q3) Keratinized epithelium becomes nonkeratinized at which of the following structures?
A) Nasal vestibule
B) Nasopharynx
C) Olfactory region of nasal cavity
D) Oropharynx
E) Posterior nasal cavity
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15
Chapter 14: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The renin-angiotensin system is controlled by the
A) Afferent arteriole
B) Bowman's capsule
C) Glomerulus
D) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
E) Loop of Henle
Q2) Urine flows from the major calyx directly to which kidney structure?
A) Minor calyx
B) Nephron
C) Renal papillae
D) Renal pelvis
E) Ureter
Q3) The loop of Henle
A) Comprises the macula densa
B) Descends into the renal medulla
C) Is lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium
D) Is the longest section of the renal tubule
E) Is where glomerular filtrate is produced
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16
Chapter 15: Upper Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Meissner's plexus is located in which layer of the alimentary canal?
A) Epithelium
B) Lamina propria
C) Muscularis externa
D) Muscularis mucosa
E) Submucosa
Q2) The muscularis externa of the ____ is partially striated and partially smooth.
A) Esophagus
B) Large intestine
C) Small intestine
D) Stomach
E) None of the above -- the entire alimentary canal is lined with smooth muscle
Q3) Which of the following is lined with a very thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and a very highly vascular underlying lamina propria?
A) Cutaneous region of the lips
B) Dorsal tongue
C) Oral mucosal region of the lips
D) Red region of the lips
E) Ventral tongue
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Lower Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following cell types participate in the immunity of the intestine EXCEPT
A) Eosinophils
B) Macrophages
C) Mast cells
D) Neutrophils
E) Plasma cells
Q2) Which of the following are not mucosal specializations of the small intestine?
A) Peyer's patches
B) Villi
C) Plicae circulares
D) Microvilli
E) Rugae
Q3) Which of the following is not true of the crypts of Lieberkühn?
A) Their bases may contain Paneth cells
B) They are found between the intestinal villi
C) They are intestinal glands
D) They are simple tubular glands
E) They are unique to the small intestine
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Chapter 17: Digestive Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Iron storage
C) Protein and lipid synthesis
D) Storage of bile
E) Toxin degradation
Q2) Bile moves from the ducts lined with cuboidal epithelium into the ____ duct.
A) Common bile
B) Cystic
C) Duodenal
D) Hepatic
E) Interlobular
Q3) Which of the following has a mucosa that is rich in mitochondria, absorbs sodium, and is lined with columnar epithelium?
A) Anterior dorsal tongue
B) Intercalated intralobular salivary ducts
C) Interlobular salivary ducts
D) Striated intralobular salivary ducts
E) Vermilion aspect of the lips
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Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The anterior pituitary
A) Has a blood-brain barrier generated by pituicytes
B) Is composed of basophils, acidophils, and chromophobe cells
C) Is made up of the pars nervosa and the infundibulum
D) Receives blood from the inferior hypophyseal artery
E) Secretes hormones when directed to do so by a nervous signal from the hypothalamus
Q2) Which of the following statements about the neurohypophysis is not true?
A) Contains glial-like cells called pituicytes
B) It synthesizes, stores, and secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
C) Its axons derive from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
D) Secretion of its hormones is controlled by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
E) The hypothalamohypophyseal tract runs through the infundibulum
Q3) Prolactin secretion is _____ by _____.
A) Inhibited dopamine
B) Inhibited somatostatin
C) Stimulated dopamine
D) Stimulated growth hormone-releasing hormone
E) Stimulated nerve impulse from the hypothalamus
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The trophic hormone that controls the release of T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) is secreted by
A) Acidophilic cells
B) Basophilic cells
C) Chromaffin cells
D) Chromophobic cells
E) Follicular cells
Q2) Which of the following hormones is most likely to bind to a receptor inside the cell as opposed to a membrane receptor?
A) Aldosterone
B) Epinephrine
C) Melatonin
D) Parathyroid hormone
E) Vasopressin
Q3) Which endocrine structure secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A) Adenohypophysis
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Neurohypophysis
E) Thyroid gland
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Chapter 20: Spermatogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are diploid structures?
A) Primary spermatocytes
B) Secondary spermatocytes
C) Sperm
D) Spermatids
E) Spermatozoa
Q2) During which phase of spermiogenesis does the manchette develop?
A) Acrosomal phase
B) Cap phase
C) Golgi phase
D) Maturation phase
E) Spermatid rotation phase
Q3) Diploid spermatogenic cells in direct contact with the basal lamina are
A) Sertoli cells
B) Spermatocytes
C) Spermatogenic cells
D) Spermatogonia
E) Spermatozoa
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22
Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which duct has a characteristic wavy lumen as a result of different epithelial cell heights?
A) Ductuli efferentes
B) Ductus epididymidis
C) Rete testis
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Tubuli recti
Q2) Sperm are matured and stored in what structure?
A) Epididymidis
B) Prostate
C) Seminal vesicle
D) Testis
E) Vas deferens
Q3) What structure contributes a lubricating mucus substance to semen?
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Epididymidis
C) Prostate
D) Seminal vesicle
E) Testis
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Follicle Development and the Menstrual Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) The layer of glycoproteins between the oocytes and granulosa cells is called the
A) Corona radiata
B) Cumulus oophorus
C) Macula pellucida
D) Theca folliculus
E) Zona pellucida
Q2) Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle found?
A) In the cervix
B) In the ovary
C) In the oviduct
D) In the uterus
E) In the vagina
Q3) Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is incorrect?
A) It degenerates into the corpus albicans approximately 14 days following fertilization
B) It forms following ovulation
C) It has increased vascularization
D) Its folded structure is formed by the collapsing of the follicular wall
E) The theca interna and granulosa cells accumulate lutein
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Chapter 23: Fertilization, Placentation, and Lactation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What structure secretes estrogen and progesterone for approximately 3 months following fertilization?
A) Corpus albicans
B) Corpus luteum
C) Mature follicle
D) Placenta
E) Tunica albuginea
Q2) Following fertilization and after about 3 days of cell division, the developing organism is considered a ____ as it moves along the uterine tube toward the uterus.
A) Blastula
B) Fetus
C) Gastrula
D) Morula
E) Zygote
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