Physiological Sciences
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Physiological Sciences is the study of how living organisms function at the level of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules. This course explores the fundamental mechanisms that underlie physiological processes such as respiration, circulation, neuronal activity, and hormonal regulation. Students will gain an understanding of how the human body maintains homeostasis and responds to internal and external changes, integrating knowledge across systems like the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems. Through lectures, laboratory work, and problem-solving exercises, learners will build a foundational understanding necessary for advanced study in biomedical sciences, healthcare, and research.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology 13th Edition by Stuart Fox
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19 Chapters
2791 Verified Questions
2791 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organ system provides protection and thermoregulation?
A)the urinary system
B)the digestive system
C)the circulatory system
D)the integumentary system
Answer: D
Q2) The ____________ layer of the skin contains sweat glands,hair follicles,and sebaceous glands.
A)epidermal
B)dermal
C)hypodermal
Answer: B
Q3) The primary structural protein of basement membranes is A)keratin.
B)collagen
C)melanin.
D)myosin.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hydrophobic molecules would contain _______________ bonds.
A)nonpolar covalent
B)polar covalent
C)hydrogen
D)ionic
Answer: A
Q2) What characteristic of phospholipids allows them to form the double layer seen in cell membranes?
A)They are amphipathic.
B)They are totally nonpolar.
C)They are soluble in water.
D)They are totally hydrophobic.
Answer: A
Q3) Ketosis
A)occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body.
B)stimulates an increased blood pH.
C)may lead to alkalosis.
D)occurs as the concentration of ketones in the urine decreases.
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Genetic Control
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Germinal cells can most likely divide indefinitely due to the activity of an enzyme called A)caspases.
B)telomerase.
C)DNA polymerase.
D)RNA transferase.
Answer: B
Q2) Cells in the G<sub>1</sub> phase of the cell cycle contain half as much DNA as cells in the G<sub>2</sub> phase.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The pericentriolar material is believed to be responsible for A)cytoskeletal organization.
B)centriole replication.
C)kinetochore formation.
D)centrosome formation.
Answer: A
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Chapter 5: Cell Respiration and Metabolism
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The electron transport chain system is responsible for the production of the majority of cellular ATP.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How many hydrogens are released in glycolysis?
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
Q3) The ATP generated in the citric acid cycle
A)is produced directly from the 5th reaction.
B)is produced from the reduction of NAD.
C)comes from GTP.
D)comes from oxidative phosphorylation.
Q4) What type of tissue is especially dependent on adequate plasma glucose levels?
A)skeletal muscle
B)cardiac muscle
C)nervous
D)liver
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Chapter 6: Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment
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123 Verified Questions
123 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hypertonic solutions stimulate cellular lysis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of oral rehydration therapy?
A)It is used to treat severe diarrheA.
B)The presence of glucose aids the intestinal absorption of Na<sup>+</sup> and water.
C)It saves more than a million small children per year.
D)All apply.
Q3) ___________ g of sucrose (molecular weight = 342g)would be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution.
A)342
B)500
C)855
D)2.5
Q4) 80% of the extracellular fluid is termed as interstitial fluid.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Excitable cells are incapable of maintaining a constant resting membrane potential.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The period of time when Na<sup>+</sup> channels are recovering from their inactive state and K<sup>+</sup> channels are still open is the A)repolarization.
B)absolute refractory period.
C)relative refractory period.
D)Repolarization and relative refractory period are correct.
Q3) The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A)astrocytes.
B)neurons.
C)Schwann cells.
D)microglia
Q4) Serotonin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is an important neurotransmitter.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 8: The Central Nervous System
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160 Verified Questions
160 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensory impulses associated with crude touch and pressure are transmitted by the posterior spinocerebellar tracts to the thalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A cranial nerve with only sensory fibers is the A)hypoglossal nerve.
B)vestibulocochlear nerve.
C)vagus nerve.
D)trigeminal nerve.
Q3) Releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary are produced in the A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary gland.
C)pineal gland.
D)cerebral nuclei.
Q4) Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT purely sensory?
A)trochlear
B)optic
C)olfactory
D)vestibulocochlear
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Chapter 9: The Autonomic Nervous System
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
A)micturition
B)male sexual function
C)saliva production
D)sweating
Q2) Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation?
A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
Q3) The major regulatory center of the autonomic system is,according to many scientists,the ______________ since this brain region has functions,such as control of body temperature,that require appropriate activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)midbrain
D)cerebrum
Q4) The parasympathetic response to stimulation results in mass activation.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Otoliths are associated with the A)crista ampullaris.
B)cupula.
C)macula.
D)semicircular canals.
Q2) Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also A)interoceptors.
B)proprioceptors.
C)special senses.
D)exteroceptors.
Q3) Myopia generally occurs when the A)eyeball is too short.
B)eyeball is too long.
C)lens is uneven.
D)cornea is uneven.
Q4) In the geniculostriate system,the right lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from the right visual fields of both eyes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Endocrine Glands: Secretion and Action of Hormones
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Those hormones that are nonpolar can pass through the plasma membrane and are called
A)hydrophilic.
B)hydrophobic.
C)lipophiliC.
D)Both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct.
Q2) Pharmacological concentrations of hormones causes normal tissue responses.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hypothyroidism in adults causes A)Grave's disease.
B)myxedema.
C)cretinism.
D)Cushing's disease
Q4) The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes the mineralocorticoids.
A)True B)False
Q5) Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones. A)True B)False
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Chapter 12: Muscle: Mechanisms of Contraction and Neural Control
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT increase the strength of the muscle contraction?
A)a high number of fibers stimulated
B)increased frequency of stimulation
C)thicker muscle fiber
D)resting sarcomere length of 3.6µm
Q2) Muscles which move a limb away the midline of the body are termed as A)abductor muscles.
B)adductor muscles.
C)extensor muscles.
D)flexor muscles.
Q3) The Ca<sup>2+</sup> required for skeletal muscle contraction
A)is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B)enters the cell due to the opening of voltage regulated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels from the T tubules.
C)is actively transported into the cell.
D)is released from mitochondria.
Q4) When skeletal muscle cells contract,they increase in length.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 13: Blood,heart and Circulation
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true concerning blood vessels?
A)Arteries contain more muscle than veins.
B)Smooth muscle surrounds capillaries.
C)Valves are found in veins but not arteries.
D)Discontinuous capillaries create sinusoids.
Q2) Blood clot dissolution is stimulated by tissue thromboplastin.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Bipolar limb lead three uses the
A)left and right arms.
B)left arm and left leg.
C)right arm and left leg.
D)left arm and right leg.
Q4) Aspirin inhibits blood clotting by directly preventing
A)thrombin formation.
B)platelet plug formation.
C)fibrin formation.
D)clot retraction.
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14
Chapter 14: Cardiac Output, blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood flow would be increased by
A)histamines.
B)antihistamines.
C)thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>.
D)angiotensin II.
Q2) Norepinephrine agonists would increase cardiac output.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which blood vessels have the highest cross-sectional area?
A)veins
B)arterioles
C)venules
D)capillaries
Q4) In response to increased ventricular filling
A)total peripheral resistance increases.
B)sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine.
C)myocardial cells stretch.
D)myocardial contractility in decreases.
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Chapter 15: The Immune System
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137 Verified Questions
137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) C5 through C9 from the ______,creates a hole in the cell that permits fluid influx and lysis.
A)classical pathway
B)activation sequence
C)membrane attack complex
D)recognition complex
Q2) Antigens are used to induce a passive immune response.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Immune complex diseases are the result of wide-spread and continuous
A)inflammation.
B)fever.
C)auto-antibody production.
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q4) Beta interferon is now being used to treat hepatitis B and C.
A)True
B)False
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Page 16
Chapter 16: Respiratory Physiology
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
A)is greater than the affinity for carbon monoxide.
B)is increased in methemoglobin.
C)decreases as the height above sea level increases.
D)is increased in response to metabolic alkalosis.
Q2) The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involved with A)inspiration.
B)expiration.
C)breathing rhythm.
D)both inspiration and expiration.
Q3) What condition is marked by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the lungs due to permeability changes triggered by the inflammatory response to systemic infection?
A)emphysema
B)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
C)pneumothorax
D)acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Q4) Cor pulmonale may result from a COPD such as emphysema.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Physiology of the Kidneys
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is _____ per day.
A)300 mL
B)400 mL
C)600 mL
D)800 mL
Q2) Renal clearance of PAH __________ glomerular filtration rate.
A)is equal to B)exceeds
C)is less than
Q3) Inulin is a good measure of GFR because it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tubular secretion of small xenobioticsis often accomplished by polyspecific organic anion transporters.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Inulin clearance gives a measurement of the glomerular filtration rate.
A)True
B)False
18
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Chapter 18: The Digestive System
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172 Verified Questions
172 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall?
A)water and alcohol
B)antacid and water
C)alcohol and aspirin
D)penicillin and aspirin
Q2) What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules?
A)specific enzyme
B)acid
C)water
D)Both a specific enzyme and water are correct.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach?
A)adherent layer of mucus
B)bicarbonate
C)gap junctions between epithelial cells
D)rapid turnover of epithelial cells
Q4) The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Regulation and Metabolism
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138 Verified Questions
138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A very thin female would have low amounts of leptin and may enter puberty late or experience amenorrhea.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated when
A)insulin and glucagon are both decreasing.
B)insulin and glucagon are both increasing.
C)insulin is increasing and glucagon is decreasing.
D)insulin is decreasing and glucagon is increasing.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an endogenous source of ROS (reactive oxygen species)?
A)peroxisomes
B)UV light
C)mitochondria
D)NADPH oxidase
Q4) Destruction of the alpha cells of the pancreas would decrease glucagon secretion.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 20: Reproduction
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What occurs during spermiogenesis?
A)chromosomes are compacted by protamines
B)flagellum and acrosome form
C)cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells
D)All of the choices are correct.
Q2) Treating a male fetus with antibodies to DHT would prevent development of the epididymides.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In humans parturition can be blocked by
A)inhibiting the actions of progesterone.
B)stimulating the actions of estrogen.
C)inhibiting the actions of oxytocin.
D)stimulating the actions of chorionic gonadotropin.
Q4) The myometrium is the inner most layer of the uterus. A)True B)False
Q5) The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone. A)True B)False
21
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