Physiological Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Physiological Psychology explores the intricate relationships between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. This course examines how biological processes, such as neural communication, brain structure and function, neurotransmitter activity, and hormonal influences, underlie various psychological phenomena, including perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, and mental disorders. Students will gain an understanding of the methodologies used to study brain-behavior relationships and consider contemporary research findings that integrate physiological mechanisms with psychological processes.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Laura Freberg
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16 Chapters
2682 Verified Questions
2682 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience
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149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following thinkers believed that the ventricles played an important role in transmitting information to and from the brain?
A)Aristotle
B) Galen
C) Descartes
D) Herophilus
Answer: B
Q2) What is one advantage of magnetoencephalography (MEG)over electroencephalography (EEG)?
Answer: Because the skull bones block most of the electricity but little of the magnetism produced by the brain,the EEG gives only an approximation of brain activity compared to the accuracy and localization provided by MEG.
Q3) Ethical standards for the use of human subjects require researchers to
A)clearly identify each participant by name.
B) never use deception.
C) avoid coercion of participants.
D) ensure that participants understand that they can't quit once the experiment begins.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Early computerized tomography (CT)equipment could take images from only one perspective,the axial or horizontal section.This means that the resulting images were from sections that are _________ to the ground,dividing the brain from _________.
A)perpendicular; front to back
B)perpendicular dividing the brain from side to side.
C)parallel to the midline, dividing the brain from side to side.
D)parallel to the ground, dividing the brain from top to bottom.
Answer: D
Q2) What are the major functions of the spinal cord?
Answer: The spinal cord carries information to and from the brain and manages a variety of protective and movement reflexes.
Q3) Anatomical sections that divide the brain parallel to the midline are known as _________ sections.
A)sagittal
B)coronal
C)horizontal
D)axial
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: the Structure and Functions of the
Cells of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)generally result when
channels are opened.
A)postsynaptic calcium
B) postsynaptic sodium
C)presynaptic potassium or chloride
D)postsynaptic potassium or chloride
Answer: D
Q2) When an axo-axonic synapse results in a decrease of neurotransmitter released by a target axon,which of the following processes has occurred?
A)temporal summation
B) spatial summation
C)presynaptic facilitation
D)presynaptic inhibition
Answer: D
Q3) Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) MDMA (ecstasy)is most similar in chemical structure to which of the following drugs?
A)LSD
B)methamphetamine and mescaline
C)nicotine
D)gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
Q2) Once in the bloodstream,the magnitude of a drug's effect is most directly a result of
A)the concentration of the drug in the blood supply.
B)the gender of the user.
C)whether the drug is an agonist or an antagonist.
D)whether or not the drug is fat soluble.
Q3) Cocaine and amphetamine differ from one another in that
A)cocaine serves as a reuptake inhibitor and amphetamine does not.
B)amphetamine serves as a reuptake inhibitor and cocaine does not.
C)cocaine stimulates neurotransmitter release and amphetamine does not.
D)amphetamine stimulates neurotransmitter release and cocaine does not.
Q4) LSD produces its effects by stimulating the release of GABA.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hubel and Wiesel's research with vision in kittens demonstrated that experience has _________ effects on the organization of the visual cortex _________.
A)no; during the critical period
B)substantial; during the critical period
C)substantial; throughout life
D)no; throughout life
Q2) Describe what it means to be an imprinted gene.
Q3) Flat,sheetlike extensions from the core of growth cones are known as A)microtubules.
B)filopodia.
C)lamellipodia. D)cell adhesion molecules.
Q4) An individual organism's observable characteristics,are known as their A) genome.
B)genotype.
C)phenotype. D)chromosome.
Q5) What is spina bifida?
Q7) What are the possible benefits of adult neurogenesis? Page 7
Q6) Summarize the major events that occur in synaptogenesis.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: Vision
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The double pupils in each eye of Anableps anableps allows the fish to overcome distortions of light in both water and air caused by
A)refraction.
B)reflection.
C)absorption.
D)both reflection and absorption.
Q2) The type of retinal cells indicated by #3 in the image above are _________ cells.
A)ganglion
B)horizontal
C)bipolar
D)amacrine
Q3) Bing has had a stroke that affected an area of his brain that serves his macula,including the foveas of both eyes.What should you expect his vision to be like?
A)He will be totally blind.
B)He will be able to see only what is exactly in front of him.
C)He will be able to see only what is in his peripheral visual area.
D)He will be able to see color, but not movement.
Q4) Describe the opponent process theory of color vision.
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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163 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hairlike cilia extend from
A)inner hair cells only.
B)outer hair cells only.
C)both inner and outer hair cells.
D)neither inner nor outer hair cells.
Q2) What is otosclerosis and how is it treated?
Q3) A commonly used drug that can cause hearing loss by reducing blood supply to the ear is
A)nicotine.
B)marijuana.
C)alcohol.
D)heroin.
Q4) Sounds with frequencies above the range of human hearing are referred to as
A)fundamental frequencies.
B)pure tones.
C)ultrasound.
D)infrasound.
Q5) Distinguish between place theory and temporal theory in the perception of pitch.
Q6) The tympanic membrane separates the ____________________ ear from the ____________________ ear.
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Chapter 8: Movement
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170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An athlete with likely potential in Olympic weightlifting would probably have _________ in the quadriceps muscle.
A)about the same number of fast- and slow-twitch fibers
B)more fast- than slow-twitch fibers
C)more slow- than fast-twitch fibers
D)only fast-twitch muscles
Q2) The Babinski sign occurs when
A)stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to spread and the big toe to point upward.
B) stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to curl and then separate.
C) tapping the knee with a small hammer causes the foot to kick.
D) both extensors and flexors at a joint contract simultaneously in violation of reciprocal inhibition.
Q3) A disorder produced by the degeneration of ACh receptors is known as
A)myasthenia gravis.
B) muscular dystrophy.
C)Parkinson's disease.
D)Huntington's disease.
Q4) Describe the routes taken by the lateral pathways.
Q5) Describe the movement of muscles as we bend an arm at the elbow.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Homeostasis and Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Isotonic fluids have
A)a higher concentration of solutes than normal body fluids.
B)a lower concentration of solutes than normal body fluids.
C)an equal concentration of solutes as normal body fluids.
D)the same solutes in the same concentrations as normal body fluids.
Q2) Aldosterone signals the kidneys to
A)retain sodium.
B)excrete sodium.
C)increase urine production.
D)decrease urine production.
Q3) Electrical stimulation of the zona incerta
A)initiates drinking behavior.
B)inhibits drinking behavior.
C)initiates the release of angiotensin II.
D)inhibits the release of angiotensin II.
Q4) Homeostasis is defined as an organism's ability to adjust its physiological processes to maintain a steady internal balance or equilibrium.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How does a set point work? Provide one example
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) At puberty,FSH and LH
A)stimulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
B)stimulate the release of additional testosterone by the testes and the release of estrogens by the ovaries.
C)inhibit the release of estrogens by the testes and testosterone by the ovaries.
D)inhibit the release of androgens by the testes and estrogens by the ovaries.
Q2) The Wolffian system will develop into the
A)uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina.
B)seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate.
C)penis and scrotum.
D)labia, clitoris, and outer portion of the vagina.
Q3) The performance of women on spatial tasks is
A)constant across the menstrual cycle.
B)best when estrogen levels are high.
C)best when progesterone levels are high.
D)best when testosterone levels are high.
Q4) The release of an ovum,a process known as ____________________,occurs in response to a sharp increase in the hormone ____________________,labeled number 1 in this illustration.
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the relationship between sex hormones and quality of sleep?
Q2) According to this illustration,most episodes of REM sleep follow an episode of Stage ____________________ NREM sleep and are followed by ____________________ or an episode of Stage ____________________ NREM.
Q3) The night after an ultramarathon,a runner's sleep would be expected to contain
A)the usual amounts of REM and NREM sleep.
B)more REM sleep than usual.
C)less REM sleep than usual.
D)more NREM sleep than usual.
Q4) Megan is participating in an EEG study at her university.Currently,she is awake,relaxed,and staring out the window while the technician takes some baseline readings.Which pattern of brain waves is most likely to be recorded from Megan's brain at this time?
A)beta waves.
B)alpha waves.
C)theta waves.
D)delta waves.
Q5) What evidence supports the idea that sleep is a time to restore and repair the body?
Q6) What does the threat simulation hypothesis of dreaming propose?
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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169 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The output cells of the cerebellum receive _________ input from _________ cells.
A)excitatory; granule
B)inhibitory; granule
C)excitatory; Purkinje
D)inhibitory; Purkinje
Q2) Unlimited quantities of information can be held indefinitely in _________ memory.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)working
Q3) Describe the process outlined by Kandel by which classical conditioning occurs in Aplysia californica?
Q4) Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.
A)short-term
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)procedural
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Chapter 13: Hemispheric Asymmetry, language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person is equally proficient in two languages,the areas of the brain activated by the use of each language will A)not overlap at all.
B)overlap more than if a person is much more proficient in one language than in another.
C)overlap less than if a person is much more proficient in one language than in another. D)show complete overlap.
Q2) Those suffering from Wernicke's aphasia are usually unaware of their symptoms,and thus experience no distress over the condition.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia share some common genetic underpinnings.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the major features of dyslexia.
Q5) In what ways do apes use language differently than humans?
Page 16
Q6) How can we reconcile theories of general and multiple intelligence?
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Chapter 14: Emotion, reward, aggression, and Stress
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Sham rage" behaviors can be duplicated by electrically stimulating the A)amygdala.
B)hypothalamus.
C)hippocampus.
D)septal area.
Q2) Which of the following statements describes the lateralization of emotion most accurately?
A)The right and left hemispheres do not appear to process emotional content differently.
B)The left hemisphere in most people is more likely to process positive emotions, whereas the right hemisphere is more likely to process negative emotions.
C)The left hemisphere in most people is more likely to process negative emotions, whereas the left hemisphere is more likely to process negative emotions.
D)Both positive and negative emotions appear to be processed exclusively by the right hemisphere in most people.
Q3) What is the relationship between stress and health?
Q4) What behaviors are correlated with telling a deliberate lie?
Q5) Describe the lateralization of emotion in the cerebral cortex.
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process in which malignant tumors shed cells that travel to another part of the body,where they initiate new tumor growth,is known as:
A)infiltration.
B)encapsulation.
C)malformation.
D)metastasis.
Q2) A balloon-like bulge in an artery is known as a(n)
A)aneurysm.
B)embolism.
C)thrombosis.
D)cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Q3) Major causes of open head injuries in the United States include
A)boxing and playing football.
B)gunshot wounds and skull fractures.
C)playing soccer.
D)aneurysms.
Q4) What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Q5) PrPC stands for ____________________,whereas PrPSC stands for
Page 18
Q6) Distinguish between viral and bacterial meningitis.
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Head trauma,encephalitis,and streptococcal infections are among the environmental risk factors for _________ disorder.
A)obsessive compulsive
B)bipolar
C)panic
D)posttraumatic stress
Q2) Criminal psychopaths show impaired abilities to identify fear in a another person's voice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In addition to improving mood,antidepressant medications might also
A)increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
B)decrease neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
C)decrease a person's need for sleep.
D)increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Q4) Most medications used to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia act as
A)dopamine agonists.
B)dopamine antagonists.
C)serotonin agonists.
D)serotonin antagonists.
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