Physiological Psychology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Physiological Psychology explores the intricate relationship between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. This course examines how biological processes influence cognitive functions, emotions, sensory perception, learning, memory, and motivation. Students will investigate the roles of neural communication, brain structures, neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetics in shaping behavior. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and research reviews, the course emphasizes an integrative understanding of how physiological mechanisms underlie both normal and abnormal psychological processes.
Recommended Textbook
Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil R. Carlson
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16 Chapters
1924 Verified Questions
1924 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carlson argues that a key aspect of human consciousness is related to
A) our ability to communicate to others via language.
B) our ability to sleep at night.
C) the fact that humans are awake during the day.
D) the observation that brain damage can alter our awareness.
E) our ability to react to painful stimuli.
Answer: A
Q2) Helmholtz was the first to accurately measure the speed of conduction in nerves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Ancient Egyptian,Indian,and Chinese cultures viewed the ________ as the seat of thought and emotion.
A) gut
B) heart
C) brain
D) pineal gland
E) stomach
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ neurons function to contract muscles.
A) Sensory
B) Motor
C) Golgi
D) Afferent
E) Local inter-
Answer: B
Q2) Explain how the area postrema may play a role in minimizing poison toxicity.
Answer: Because the blood-brain barrier is weak near this structure,toxins in blood can stimulate this brain region to cause emesis,which would void the stomach and in turn may reduce the total amount of toxicity to the organism.
Q3) What would you expect to happen if the enzyme AChE were to be disabled in your body?
Answer: My ACh activity would greatly increase,because AChE normally serves to degrade ACh.Later,this would lead to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors.
Q4) The blood-brain barrier is formed by astrocytes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The parasympathetic division of the ANS is involved in A) activities that expend energy.
B) the inhibition of digestive function during a fight.
C) activities that increase levels of stored energy within the body.
D) acceleration of heart rate and increased blood flow to the muscles.
E) the control of the voluntary muscles of the body.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT correct regarding CSF?
A) CSF is produced by the choroid plexus.
B) CSF is reabsorbed into the blood supply.
C) CSF functions to cushion the brain against abrupt movements of the brain within the skull.
D) The total volume of brain CSF is about 400 ml.
E) Loss of CSF would result in compression of brain material onto the ventral skull surface.
Answer: D
Q3) The rostral end of the neural tube forms the human forebrain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an agonist at the glycine receptor?
A) baclofen
B) glycine
C) muscimol
D) GABA
E) strychnine
Q2) The ________ route of drug administration is commonly used to treat small laboratory animals with a drug.
A) intraperitoneal
B) oral
C) intravascular
D) topical
E) intranasal
Q3) What is the advantage of reuptake over enzymatic degradation in the termination of neurotransmitter postsynaptic effects?
Q4) A drug that releases a transmitter substance is called an antagonist for the synapse.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the major functions of glutamate in neurotransmission.
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Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following techniques creates a brain lesion by overstimulating neurons to death?
A) aspiration of a region of the cortex
B) extreme physical exercise
C) infusions of an excitatory amino acid into a brain region
D) 6-hydroxydopamine infusions into a brain region
E) radio-frequency current passed through a brain region
Q2) Light microscope images are to electron microscope images as
A) PET scans are to CT scans.
B) immunocytochemistry procedures are to FOS procedures.
C) CT scans are to MRI scans.
D) MRI scans are to light microscope slides.
E) MRI scans are to CT scans.
Q3) The firing rates of ________ neurons and of ________ neurons fall to zero during REM sleep.
A) noradrenergic; serotonergic
B) cholinergic; dopaminergic
C) GABA; adenosine
D) cholinergic; adenosine
E) opioid; dopaminergic
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Chapter 6: Vision
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The reason for a "blind spot" in the visual field is that
A) rods are less sensitive to light than are cones.
B) blood vessels collect together and enter the eye at the blind spot.
C) the lens cannot focus all of the visual field onto the retina.
D) retinal cells die with age and overuse, resulting in blind spots.
E) there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye.
Q2) Area V6 of human extrastriate cortex is critical for the analysis of
A) color and the memory of color.
B) depth perception.
C) movement.
D) object texture.
E) form.
Q3) Prosopagnosia is
A) an inability to distinguish colors.
B) the inability to recognize a particular face.
C) usually accompanied by achromatopsia.
D) a difficulty in recognizing objects by texture cues.
E) a problem in linking remote memories with new memories.
Q4) Describe the role of the extrastriate cortex in the perception of movement.
Q5) Compare the anatomy and function of the dorsal and ventral streams.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical
Senses
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the transduction process for gustatory signals.
Q2) Functional imaging studies of the human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.
A) timbre; dorsal stream
B) identity; ventral stream
C) timbre; ventral stream
D) location; ventral stream
E) identity; dorsal stream
Q3) The function of a nociceptor is to detect
A) noxious stimuli.
B) cold.
C) heat.
D) salt in a food.
E) the bitterness of a fluid.
Q4) The cutaneous senses signal information about stimuli that interact with A) the external surface of the skin.
B) the hair cells of the vestibular sacs.
C) receptors of the muscles.
D) the hair cells of the semicircular canals.
E) the wall of the gut.
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Chapter 8: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Activation of adenosine receptors may increase sleep by
A) excitation of hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
B) inhibition of the ventrolateral preoptic area.
C) inhibition of neurons that normally inhibit the vlPOA.
D) activation of histamine neurons.
E) inactivation of serotonin neurons.
Q2) The neurons that turn off REM sleep are located in the A) ventral pons.
B) occipital cortex.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) globus pallidus.
E) ventrolateral PAG.
Q3) The ________ brain wave pattern has a characteristic frequency of ________.
A) sleep spindle; 1-3 Hz
B) theta; 12-14 Hz
C) alpha; 13-30 Hz
D) sleep spindle; less than 3.5 Hz
E) theta; 3.5-7.5 Hz
Q4) Describe the types of problems that occur during slow-wave sleep.
Q5) Compare the characteristics of non-REM sleep with that of REM sleep.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Reproductive Behavior
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability of a human female to mate is controlled by the ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The control of erection and ejaculation involves
A) inhibition of the medial preoptic area.
B) spinal cord circuits.
C) circuits of neurons within the prefrontal area.
D) circuits that interconnect the left and right hemispheres.
E) cells that project from the vomeronasal organ to the medulla.
Q3) The ventral tegmental area is activated during orgasm in a human male.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Wolffian system structures are the precursors to the
A) male internal sex organs.
B) penis and scrotum.
C) female internal sex organs.
D) testes.
E) ovaries.
Q5) Differentiate between primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the significance of a conditioned emotional response (CER).
Q2) All aggressive behaviors are related to depression. A)True
B)False
Q3) Activation of the ________ neurons of the forebrain would be expected to ________ aggressive attack.
A) cholinergic; suppress B) serotonin; facilitate C) dopamine; suppress D) serotonin; suppress E) dopamine; facilitate
Q4) Low levels of brain 5-HIAA are correlated with risky behavior in male primates. A)True B)False
Q5) Aggressive behaviors
A) include actual attacks against another organism. B) are often associated with child birth. . C) are limited to verbal actual attacks.
D) exclude those involved in self-defense. E) are controlled by the cerebellum.
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Chapter 11: Ingestive Behavior
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Our short-term fuel reservoir is contained in cells located within the A) adipose tissue.
B) stomach.
C) liver and muscles.
D) pancreas.
E) duodenum.
Q2) Long-term energy stores consist of triglycerides stored in adipose tissues.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments of the body.
Q4) Which of the following helps to explain why it is a bad idea to skip breakfast?
A) Skipping breakfast releases leptin, which activates hunger neurons in brain.
B) Fuel absorption is faster in the morning than in the afternoon.
C) The minerals eaten in a typical breakfast are important for energy metabolism.
D) The liver carbohydrate reserve can only be refilled during the morning.
E) The liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast.
Q5) Describe the four essential components of a regulatory system.
Q6) Explain why metabolic efficiency is a key factor in obesity.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Motor learning is an example of a declarative memory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An example of a natural reinforcer is
A) dopamine.
B) food for a satiated rat.
C) amphetamine.
D) GABA.
E) food for a hungry rat.
Q3) Which of the following is true of learning?
A) Learning and memory are synonymous.
B) Memories are related to the electrical activity of the brain.
C) Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences.
D) Experiences are stored in the brain in separate folders, like those of a filing cabinet.
E) Learning is possible in the absence of memory.
Q4) Explain what is meant by a place cell,and discuss the role of these cells in spatial memory.
Q5) Describe learning tasks that assess the capacity for perceptual learning,motor learning,and stimulus-response learning.
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Chapter 13: Human Communication
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person with pure alexia can write but not read.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The key aspect of sound that allows a person to recognize a word resides in
A) the pitch of the voice.
B) the short-duration starts and stops of speech sounds.
C) slow changes in speech rhythm.
D) tone of the speech.
E) prosody cues.
Q3) Damage to the left hemisphere can impair the ability to use a map.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Wernicke's aphasia is caused by damage to
A) the frontal association cortex of the right hemisphere.
B) Broca's area and the caudate nucleus.
C) the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere.
D) the inferior occipital gyrus of the right hemisphere.
E) the left parietal lobe.
Q5) Explain how the emotional content of a verbal message is conveyed to a listener.
Page 15
Q6) Define aphasia and explain why anomia is a key symptom of all forms of aphasia.
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Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Another term for cerebrovascular accident is
A) apoptosis.
B) tumor growth.
C) epilepsy.
D) stroke.
E) seizure disorder.
Q2) Acute anterior poliomyelitis is a(n)
A) form of viral encephalitis.
B) bacterial infection.
C) congenital disorder.
D) immune system disease.
E) degenerative disease.
Q3) Which of the following represents a potential therapy for stroke?
A) drugs that promote inflammatory reactions
B) drugs that inactivate GABA receptors
C) drugs that block glutamate receptors
D) introduction of free radicals into the affected brain region
E) drugs that excite glutamate receptors
Q4) Explain the significance of prions for neurological disorders.
Q5) Differentiate between a benign and a malignant tumor.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) MRI studies of schizophrenic brains indicates
A) a sharp dip in brain volume during early adulthood in schizophrenic subjects.
B) that schizophrenic patients showed more cortical volume than controls.
C) a loss of brain volume starting in the occipital lobes.
D) that excessive volume loss from the temporal lobes was related to the development of tactile hallucinations.
E) a loss of brain volume starting in the temporal lobes.
Q2) Phencyclidine is of interest for the study of schizophrenia in that this drug
A) is an agonist of the NMDA receptor.
B) increases dopamine utilization in the prefrontal cortex.
C) impairs feeding regulation in monkeys.
D) reproduces the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
E) produces minor physical anomalies.
Q3) Atypical antipsychotic drugs increase activity in the _______,but decrease activity in the ______.
A) ventral tegmental area; amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex; nucleus accumbens
C) amygdala; hippocampus
D) nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex
E) amygdala; ventral tegmental area
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A drug such as methylphenidate that blocks the dopamine transporter would be expected to
A) reduce the likelihood of activation of other neurons.
B) impair dopamine neurotransmission.
C) increase synaptic levels of dopamine.
D) decrease synaptic levels of dopamine.
E) aggravate the behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Q2) The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is A) daily administration of Prozac.
B) daily administration of a benzodiazepine drug.
C) daily administration of methylphenidate.
D) ablation of the cingulum bundle.
E) drugs that are dopamine antagonists.
Q3) The case of Patient N.suggests that the urge to smoke comes from activity of the A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) nucleus accumbens.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.
E) insula.
Page 18
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