Physiological Psychology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Physiological Psychology explores the intricate relationship between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. This course investigates how biological processes such as neural activity, neurotransmitter function, and hormonal regulation influence cognition, emotion, sensation, and movement. Students will examine foundational concepts like brain structure, neural communication, and sensory systems, as well as contemporary research on topics including sleep, motivation, stress, and mental disorders. By integrating psychological theories with neurobiological evidence, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how physiological mechanisms underlie complex behaviors and mental processes.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 5th Edition by Bryan Kolb
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40 Chapters
1844 Verified Questions
1844 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are memes and how do they influence our evolution?
Answer: no answer
Q2) What is materialism and how has it influenced the study of neuroscience?
Answer: no answer
Q3) How might climate changes have influenced the evolution of the human brain?
Answer: Climate changes could have influenced the evolution of the human brain in several ways. One possibility is that as the climate changed, it would have affected the availability of food sources. This could have led to the need for humans to adapt and develop new hunting and gathering strategies, which would have required increased cognitive abilities. Additionally, changes in climate could have also led to the need for humans to develop new tools and technologies to survive in different environments, further driving the evolution of the brain. Furthermore, fluctuations in climate could have also impacted social structures and interactions, leading to the need for increased communication and cooperation, which would have also influenced the development of the human brain. Overall, climate changes could have played a significant role in shaping the evolution of the human brain by driving the need for increased cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, and social intelligence.
Q4) What is epigenetics and why is it an important topic to study?
Answer: no answer
Page 3
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Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by:
A) D.O.Hebb.
B) Edmond Jacobson.
C) Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
D) Fred Linge.
Answer: B
Q2) A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being: A) in a coma.
B) in a persistent vegetative state.
C) in a minimally conscious state.
D) brain dead.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part A
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Q1) Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Answer: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response. When activated, it increases heart rate, dilates the airways, and redirects blood flow to the muscles, preparing the body for physical activity. This response is triggered in times of stress or danger.
On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response. When activated, it slows down heart rate, constricts the airways, and stimulates digestion. This response helps the body to relax and recover after a stressful situation.
In summary, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action and stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and recovery. These two systems work in balance to maintain homeostasis in the body.
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Page 5
Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part C
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106 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cutting the brain from front to back will give:
A) a coronal view.
B) a frontal view.
C) a horizontal view.
D) a sagittal view.
Q2) Gyri are:
A) bumps on the surface of the cortex.
B) cracks on the surface of the cortex.
C) deformities on the surface of the cortex.
D) only found in the spinal cord.
Q3) The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling:
A) decision making.
B) hearing,language,and music.
C) vision.
D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.
Q4) Sexual behavior is a primary function of:
A) the thalamus.
B) the hypothalamus.
C) the gyrus fornicutus.
D) the red nucleus.
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Chapter
Part A
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Q1) Differentiate between Santiago Ramón y Cajal's and Camillo Golgi's views on brain cell functioning.
Q2) What are the three types of brain tumors? How do they differ from one another?
Q3) What is phenotypic plasticity?
Q4) What is Down syndrome,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q5) List the types of genetic engineering.
Q6) What are the differences between knock-in and knockout mice?
Q7) What role do Golgi bodies play inside of neurons?
Q8) List the functions of the cell nucleus.
Q9) What are the major functions of Schwann cells? How do they assist in the recovery from nerve damage?
Q10) Differentiate between dominant and recessive genes.
Q11) What is Huntington disease,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q12) What are the major functions of astroglia?
Q13) List the internal components of a cell. Page 7
Q14) What is epigenetics? Why is studying it important?
Q15) What are the five types of glial cells,and what are their primary functions?
Q16) What functions do proteins contribute to cell function?
Q17) What are three major types of neurons? How are they functionally different?
Q18) What are the major functions of ependymal cells?
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Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases.Which one of the following is NOT a nucleotide base?
A) thymine
B) adenine
C) histamine
D) cytosine
Q2) A chain of amino acids forms a:
A) protein.
B) carboxyl group.
C) peptide bond.
D) carbohydrate.
Q3) What is the BEST analogy for a neuron?
A) a multi-input computational device with many output wires
B) a multi-input computational device with one output wire
C) a single-input computational device with many output wires
D) a single-input computational device with two output wires
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Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part A
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Q1) What are the two primary reasons refractory periods are important for the conduction of nerve impulses?
Q2) What is the patch technique?
Q3) What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)and how is it recorded?
Q4) What are temporal and spatial summation?
Q5) What is the function of myelin? How does it influence the conduction of a nerve impulse?
Q6) What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? What are some of the identified risk factors for MS?
Q7) Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory periods.
Q8) What is back propagation,and how is it linked with neuroplasticity?
Q9) What is a graded potential?
Q10) How does the nerve impulse travel from the axon hillock to the end of the axon without degrading in magnitude?
Q11) Define EPSP and IPSP.
Page 10
Q12) Describe the pioneering work of Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley,which earned them a Nobel Prize.
Q13) What are the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)? What neural structures are damaged?
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Page 11
Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) To measure the voltage across the cell membrane,you would normally:
A) insert two electrodes into the axon and measure the voltage difference.
B) place one electrode on the outer surface of an axon's membrane and another inside the axon and measure the voltage difference.
C) place two electrodes on the outer surface of the axon's membrane and measure the voltage difference.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q2) EPSPs are associated with _____,whereas IPSPs are associated with _____.
A) opening of sodium channels;opening of potassium channels
B) opening of sodium channels;closing of potassium channels
C) closing of sodium channels;opening of potassium channels
D) opening of calcium channels;closing of potassium channels
Q3) An electroencephalogram,or EEG,can theoretically be recorded by:
A) a voltmeter.
B) a current meter.
C) an amp meter.
D) either a voltmeter or a current meter.
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Page 12
Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Q1) The substance MPTP has been found to be selectively toxic to _____ neurons.
A) serotonin-producing
B) dopamine-producing
C) acetylcholine-producing
D) norepinephrine-producing
Q2) _____ activates the sympathetic nervous system,whereas _____ activates the parasympathetic nervous system.
A) Norepinephrine;epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine;acetylcholine
C) Acetylcholine;norepinephrine
D) Epinephrine;norepinephrine
Q3) Axon terminals are found on the _____ whereas dendritic spines are found on the _____.
A) postsynaptic membrane;presynaptic membrane
B) soma;neuron
C) presynaptic membrane;postsynaptic membrane
D) neuron;synapse
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Page 13
Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) List four peptide transmitters.
Q2) What neurotransmitter system is used in the somatic nervous system (SNS)? How does it activate lead to depolarization?
Q3) What is the function of storage granules?
Q4) What are the four major classes of neurotransmitters?
Q5) How did chemical transmitters originate?
Q6) What are the differences between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?
Q7) What are the three ways a synapse can change in order to accommodate learning?
Q8) What are second messengers? What role do they play in neural transmission?
Q9) What are the differences between chemical synapses and electrical synapses? What functions do they serve?
Q10) Define habituation.What is the synaptic basis of the habituation response?
Q11) What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Q13) What is a neurotransmitter? Page 14
Q12) What are the different ways in which a neurotransmitter could become deactivated?
Q14) What are the neurochemical neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?
Q15) What are the four main amino acid transmitters and what are their functions?
Q16) Define sensitization.What is the synaptic basis of sensitization?
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior?
Part A
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Q1) List three drugs used for the treatment of depression and describe how they work (i.e. ,what neurotransmitter systems are involved).
Q2) What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),and what are its major symptoms?
Q3) What are the five major categories of psychoactive drugs? Give examples for each category.
Q4) What are endorphins?
Q5) What evidence suggests that changes in cognitive behavior are a result of gonadal hormones?
Q6) Give example of three different psychedelic drugs,and describe the neurotransmitters and receptors involved in creating the effects.
Q7) Describe the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction.
Q8) What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis?
Q9) What are the effects on the brain of chronically high cortisol levels?
Q10) What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence?
Page 16
Q11) Define homeostasis and give examples of homeostatic hormones.
Q12) What is the organizational hypothesis?
Q13) List the most efficient routes of drug administration.
Q14) What are MAO inhibitors used for?
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and
Behavior? Part B
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Periods of prolonged stress can result in _____ as well as _____.
A) a decrease in size of the hippocampus;an increase in size of the amygdala
B) a decrease in size in the hippocampus;a decrease in the size of the amygdala
C) an increase in the size of the hippocampus;an increase in the size of the amygdala
D) an increase in the size of the hippocampus;a decrease in the size of the amygdala
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Kainate receptors are glutamate receptors.
B) Glutamate can be a neurotoxin.
C) Glutamate and MSG have a similar structure.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) The hormone testosterone MOST likely has its behavioral effects by:
A) acting like a neurotransmitter and activating postsynaptic receptors.
B) acting like a neurotransmitter and activating presynaptic transmitter release.
C) entering a neuron and activating genes.
D) modifying RNA messengers.
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?
Part A
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23 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are spatial and temporal resolutions? Why are these concepts important for brain imaging?
Q2) What are event-related potentials?
Q3) What is a PET scan? What are its advantages over other imaging methods?
Q4) Describe the differences in patterns of EEG activity when a person is in an awake or excited state compared to a relaxed state with eyes closed.
Q5) What is an EEG? What are the features of the brain revealed by an EEG?
Q6) How does cerebral voltammetry work?
Q7) What is a stereotaxic apparatus? What is it used for?
Q8) What is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)? What is it used to study?
Q9) How are ERPs different from an EEG? How can ERPs be used to examine the link between the brain and behavior?
Q10) How does transcranial magnetic stimulation work? What does it study?
Q11) What are the differences between an MRI and an fMRI?
Q12) How does a CT scan work?
Q13) Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording. Page 19
Q14) What three tests make use of a hidden platform in a swimming pool to examine memory in rats?
Q15) What is near-infrared spectroscopy? Why is it useful?
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20
Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?
Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following uses a rat model?
A) Parkinson disease
B) stroke
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q2) EEG can be used to:
A) monitor sleep.
B) estimate the depth of anesthesia.
C) detect epilepsy.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) Event-related potentials are:
A) quite different from the EEG.
B) recorded from single neurons.
C) brief changes in the EEG associated with a specific sensory event.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Q4) Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with:
A) hippocampal volume.
B) temporal cortex volume.
C) basal ganglia volume.
D) both temporal cortex and basal ganglia volume.
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Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part A
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Q1) What function do radial glial cells play in development?
Q2) What are neurotrophic factors (give examples)? What role do they play in the development of the nervous system?
Q3) Define masculinization.What hormones are responsible for masculinization and on what brain areas do they have the greatest influence?
Q4) What is the chemoaffinity hypothesis?
Q5) What brain regions demonstrate increased activation for second languages?
Q6) What is SIDS? What role does serotonin play in SIDS?
Q7) What is imprinting? What brain structures are related to imprinting?
Q8) Differentiate between cell adhesion molecules and tropic molecules.
Q9) List the seven stages of brain development.
Q10) What is synaptic pruning? Describe the process of synaptic pruning over time.
Q11) What effects might caffeine and nicotine have on the developing brain?
Q13) Why are neural stem cells so important? Page 22
Q12) How are the brains of individuals who have schizophrenia different from the brains of individuals who do not have schizophrenia?
Q14) Describe the development of the frontal lobes.What factors have been shown to slow frontal lobe development?
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Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you want to stimulate the production of progenitor cells in a stem cell culture,you should add the compound:
A) nerve growth factor.
B) fibroblast growth factor.
C) epidermal growth factor.
D) testosterone.
Q2) Some researchers suggest that prenatal exposure to caffeine or nicotine may lead to a child developing:
A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) William syndrome
C) ADHD.
D) developmental dyslexia.
Q3) Jane is 7 years old.She has very poor language skills and is incredibly clumsy with her hands.Jane may have:
A) autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
B) Asperger syndrome.
C) Rett syndrome.
D) William syndrome
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Part A
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Q1) Compare and contrast the symptoms of visual-form agnosia and optic ataxia.What do these two disorders tell us about how the visual system is organized?
Q2) To what stimulus does a hypercomplex cell respond?
Q3) To what stimulus does a simple cortical cell respond?
Q4) What parts of the eye make up the left and right visual fields?
Q5) What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral visual streams?
Q6) What is the opponent theory of color vision? At what point in the visual system is opponent-process color coding initiated?
Q7) To what stimulus does a complex cortical cell respond?
Q8) Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Q9) What is trichromatic color theory? At what point in the visual system is trichromatic color coding initiated?
Q10) Differentiate between the functions of blob and interblob regions of visual cortex?
Q11) What are ocular dominance columns?
Q13) What are the symptoms of visual-form agnosia? Page 25
Q12) To what types of visual features do neurons in the temporal cortex respond?
Q14) What is a receptive field?
Q15) Describe the tectopulvinar system.
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Part C
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Q1) Magnocellular cells:
A) primarily receive input from rods.
B) are insensitive to color.
C) have low visual acuity.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q2) The geniculostriate system is as follows:
A) retina,lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus,layer IV of the visual cortex.
B) retina,lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus,layer VI of the visual cortex.
C) retina,superior colliculus,thalamus,layer IV of the visual cortex.
D) retina,superior colliculus,thalamus,layer VI of the visual cortex.
Q3) Homonymous hemianopia occurs when:
A) the optic nerve is cut behind the eye.
B) the optic chiasm is cut.
C) the lateral geniculate is cut.
D) the optic nerve and the lateral geniculate are cut.
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Q1) What is a complex tone? How are complex tones analyzed?
Q2) Define perfect pitch.What is its probable origin?
Q3) Differentiate between receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia.
Q4) Which two brain areas are most important for birdsong and what roles do they play?
Q5) What is prosody and what brain regions control it?
Q6) What are the three main physical properties of sound waves and how do they influence auditory perception?
Q7) How do humans localize the source of high-frequency and low-frequency sounds in the environment? Which brain regions are involved?
Q8) How do bats use echolocation to navigate?
Q9) List the structures in the auditory pathway in the correct order from cochlea to cortex.
Q10) What is a cochlear implant and how does it work?
Q11) List the variables that affect birdsong.
Page 28
Q12) What is the difference between the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane?
Q13) Differentiate between the roles of the outer and inner hair cells in the ear.
Q14) Frequency and amplitude are equivalent to what properties in sound perception?
Q15) Differentiate between the dorsal and ventral streams of auditory processing.
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Q1) Compared with nonmusicians,musicians have:
A) thicker frontal and parietal areas.
B) thicker temporal and frontal areas.
C) thicker temporal areas but thinner parietal areas.
D) thinner frontal but thicker temporal areas.
Q2) The left hemisphere may play a role in the _____ of music.
A) perception
B) production
C) understanding
D) None of the answers are correct.
Q3) Increases in loudness are coded by:
A) the activation of more hair cells.
B) the activation of more bipolar cells.
C) an increased rate of firing in bipolar cells.
D) activation of loudness detectors in the medial geniculate nucleus.
Q4) Decibels are a measure of:
A) sound amplitude.
B) pitch.
C) frequency.
D) timbre.
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part A
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Q1) What kinds of movement problems arise following damage to premotor cortex?
Q2) What are the effects of deafferentation?
Q3) What is a homunculus as it relates to the brain?
Q4) What role does the brainstem play in movement?
Q5) What is hapsis? What receptors are responsible for our sensation of haptic information?
Q6) Describe the effects of caudate-putamen damage.
Q7) What are the symptoms of apraxia? What brain regions are typically damaged in apraxia?
Q8) How does the cerebellum improvement movement control?
Q9) What are the symptoms of Tourette syndrome?
Q10) Describe the role of the cerebellum in motor learning based on sensory feedback.
Q11) What are the causes and symptoms of cerebral palsy?
Q12) Describe the gate theory of pain.What is a pain gate?
Q13) How does the motor cortex change in response to damage? Page 31
Q14) Compare and contrast the roles of the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts.
Q15) What is phantom limb pain? What does existence of phantom limb pain tell us about the organization of the somatosensory system?
Q16) Discuss the hierarchical organization of movement control.
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part C
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Q1) _____ muscles move the limb away from the trunk,whereas _____ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk.
A) Extensor;flexor
B) Flexor;extensor
C) Dorsal;ventral
D) Medial;lateral
Q2) The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the _____,while the secondary somatosensory cortex is located in the _____.
A) precentral gyrus;postcentral gyrus
B) parietal lobe;postcentral gyrus
C) postcentral gyrus;parietal lobe
D) precentral gyrus;parietal lobe
Q3) Information from the _____ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem,whereas the _____ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord.
A) anterior spinothalamic tract;posterior spinothalamic tract
B) posterior spinothalamic tract;anterior spinothalamic tract
C) lateral spinothalamic tract;medial spinothalamic tract
D) medial spinothalamic tract;medial spinothalamic tract
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Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part A
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Q1) Innate releasing mechanisms:
A) disappear as we mature.
B) are responsible for eliciting all infant behavior.
C) can be modified by experience.
D) are present in lower species but not in humans.
Q2) Learned taste aversion can be abolished by lesions to the: A) amygdala.
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
C) inferior frontal cortex.
D) orbital frontal cortex.
Q3) Which of the following is the correct order of connections in the gustatory system?
A) taste receptor cells,cranial nerves,solitary tract,thalamus,somatosensory cortex and insula
B) taste receptor cells,solitary tract,cranial nerves,somatosensory cortex and insula,thalamus
C) solitary tract,taste receptor cells,cranial nerves,somatosensory cortex and insula,thalamus
D) cranial nerves,taste receptor cells,solitary tract,thalamus,somatosensory cortex and insula
Page 34
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Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part B
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Q1) Differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder,panic disorder,and phobias.
Q2) Compare and contrast the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex and the pyriform cortex in smell perception.
Q3) What is the somatic marker hypothesis? What evidence supports this hypothesis?
Q4) What neural structures are part of the circuit of Papez? What roles do these structures play in emotion?
Q5) What are the effects of amygdala lesions?
Q6) What brain circuit(s)is (are)involved in creating the reward system and our experience of pleasure?
Q7) Describe the structure of the olfactory system.Which types of neurons are involved in smell perception and what roles do they play? To which brain regions to these signals get relayed?
Q8) Describe the gustatory pathway from the taste receptors to the primary gustatory cortex.
Q9) Differentiate between the activating versus organizing effects of sex hormones.
Q10) What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Q11) Differentiate between aphagia and hyperphagia.Which regions of the brain need to Page 35
be lesioned to cause aphagia and hyperphagia?
Q12) Differentiate between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst.
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part A
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Q1) Melatonin is released primarily during the _____ of the circadian cycle.
A) dark
B) light
C) midday portion
D) early morning portion
Q2) David routinely works shift work (e.g. ,from 10 p.m.to 6 a.m. ).Recently he has noticed that he is gaining a lot of weight,is restless and irritable most of the time,and has had a lot of trouble sleeping.Given these symptoms David may have:
A) depression.
B) metabolic syndrome.
C) a vitamin D deficiency.
D) SAD.
Q3) Rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus likely:
A) is learned.
B) originated elsewhere in the brain.
C) is genetically determined.
D) developed as the result of sunlight.
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part B
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Q1) Why does jet lag occur? Why is jet lag worse flying east than west?
Q2) Describe the coping hypothesis of dreams.
Q3) Differentiate between alpha,beta,and delta brain rhythms.
Q4) Describe the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming.
Q5) What are the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder? What is the main treatment?
Q6) What are the symptoms of cataplexy?
Q7) What is narcolepsy? How is it treated?
Q8) What is the genetic contribution to rhythmicity?
Q9) What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
Q10) What is the reticular activating system,and what are its functions in relation to sleep and wakefulness?
Q11) Differentiate between circannual,circadian,ultradian,and infradian rhythms.Give an example of each.
Q12) What happens if you remove the suprachiasmatic nucleus and keep it alive in a dish? What does this tell us about the origin of its rhythmic activity?
Q13) What health risks are associated with shift work?
Q14) What role does melatonin play in circadian rhythms? Page 38
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Page 39
Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fear conditioning involves neural circuits in the:
A) hypothalamus.
B) amygdala.
C) frontal lobe.
D) cerebellum.
Q2) If rats are given cocaine for 2 weeks prior to being placed in a complex environment,there is:
A) an increase in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.
B) a decrease in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.
C) no change in dendritic length and dendritic spine density.
D) an increase in the number of new axons.
Q3) Which of the following terms is used instead of explicit memory?
A) skill
B) declarative memory
C) reference memory
D) habit memory
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Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part B
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Q1) Which brain circuits are critical for forming emotional memories?
Q2) List H.M.'s memory deficits and his maintained memory systems following his neurosurgery.
Q3) Define drug-induced behavioral sensitization.Give an example.
Q4) How does an enriched environment alter the brain?
Q5) Differentiate between Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.
Q6) Outline a purported neural circuit for explicit memory.
Q7) List the three primary methods to enhance recovery of function after brain damage.
Q8) What are autobiographical memories? What brain regions are thought to underlie autobiographical memories?
Q9) Differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processing.How are these two types of processing related to explicit and implicit memory?
Q10) How do fluctuating estrogen levels affect cognition?
Q11) List and describe five of the guiding principles of brain plasticity mentioned in your text.
Q12) Differentiate between explicit and implicit memory.Give an example of each.
Q13) What are neurotrophic factors? What role do they play in the recovery from brain injury? Page 41
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part A
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Q1) Throwing an object accurately at a moving object is unique to:
A) humans.
B) humans and chimpanzees.
C) humans,chimpanzees,and gorillas.
D) all primates.
Q2) Which of the following aspects of language gives humans an advantage in thinking?
A) It provides a means with which to categorize information.
B) It provides a means of organizing time.
C) Language has a syntax (i.e. ,a set of rules)that allows meaningful utterances to be generated.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) In a normal participant,if you briefly present a word _____,it will be identified more easily.
A) in the left visual field
B) in the right visual field
C) in the lower visual field
D) in the upper visual field
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part B
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Q1) What brain regions contribute to the control of attention?
Q2) What are cell assemblies? Why did Hebb think that they were so important?
Q3) What have studies in split-brain patients taught us about language?
Q4) Differentiate between divergent and convergent intelligence.What brain regions are associated with each of them?
Q5) What is contralateral neglect? What are its primary symptoms?
Q6) What techniques can be used to demonstrate functional asymmetry in the healthy brain?
Q7) Describe the tasks that the right side of the brain does better than the left.
Q8) What tasks are better performed by either males or females? Why might these sex differences in cognition have evolved in the first place?
Q9) What are mirror neurons? Why were researchers so excited about them? What does more recent research and opinion tell us about them?
Q10) What is theory of mind? What brain structures are thought to support theory of mind?
Q11) What is synesthesia? Give examples of some documented types of synesthesia.
Q12) Why was Alex the parrot so unusual?
Q13) List the tasks that are better performed by females than males. Page 44
Q14) What is neuroeconomics? What has neuroeconomics taught us about decision making?
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Page 45
Chapter 16:What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves?
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Q1) What neural changes do Parkinson and Alzheimer disease have in common?
Q2) What are the anatomical correlates of Alzheimer disease?
Q3) What effects do antidepressant drugs like SSRIs have on the brain?
Q4) Differentiate between coup and contrecoup effects during a traumatic brain injury.Give an example.
Q5) What processes following an ischemic stroke result in further brain damage?
Q6) List and describe four major types of behavioral therapies for behavioral disorders outlined in your text.
Q7) What is tardive dyskinesia? Why is it sometimes observed in psychiatric patients?
Q8) What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? What role does it play in depression?
Q9) What treatments are available to reduce epileptic seizures?
Q10) List at least five factors that may lead to the onset of seizures.
Q11) What neurotransmitters appear to be involved in depression?
Q12) Give examples of positive and negative symptoms of Parkinson disease.
Q13) What is electroconvulsive therapy? Why is it used? How does it affect the brain?
Q14) What are the symptoms and causes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? What Page 46
Q15) List the six diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia.
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