Physiological Ecology Test Questions
Course Introduction
Physiological Ecology examines how the physiological traits of organisms enable them to survive, grow, and reproduce in their natural environments. This course explores the mechanisms by which animals and plants respond and adapt to abiotic factors such as temperature, water availability, light, and nutrient levels. Students will learn about energy acquisition and allocation, water and ion regulation, metabolic rates, and stress physiology, as well as the interplay between environmental conditions and organismal function. The course emphasizes current research, experimental approaches, and the evolutionary significance of physiological adaptations.
Recommended Textbook
Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd Edition by Christopher D. Moyes
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16 Chapters
1153 Verified Questions
1153 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) One approach,known as __________,says that we can learn about one level of organization by studying the functions at the level below it.
A)reductionism
B)emergence
C)systematics
D)bioinformatics
Answer: A
Q2) One theme in physiology states that the physiology of an animal is part of its __________,which is based on its __________ and environmental influences.
A)genotype;ancestry
B)phenotype;genotype
C)ancestry;phenotype
D)phenotype;diet
Answer: B
Q3) When a large portion of a population is wiped out and the genetic base is rebuilt from a small group of individuals,then the __________,a type of genetic drift,may result.
Answer: founder effect
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3
Chapter 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Birds are most closely related to the group of reptiles known as ________________.
Answer: archosaurs
Q2) The tissues of Cnidarians are termed _____________ because they are derived from two embryonic body layers.
Answer: diploblastic
Q3) Collagen is best described as a n
A)intracellular matrix protein.
B)extracellular matrix protein and one of the earliest innovations observed in animals.
C)matrix protein that all animals have,with the exception of sponges.
D)intracellular matrix that is a basis for communication between cells.
Answer: B
Q4) All animals
A)eat other animals.
B)are multicellular.
C)reproduce sexually.
D)are triploblastic.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Electrons can enter the electron transport system via many paths.The first point of commonality in the ETS for all these paths is
A)complex I.
B)complex II.
C)cytochrome c.
D)ubiquinone.
Answer: D
Q2) An __________ protein is one that spans the entire membrane or is fixed in it.
Answer: integral membrane
Q3) Which of the following statements is true concerning secondary active transporters?
A)A symporter can bind only one particle.
B)An exchanger/antiporter will always be electroneutral.
C)Electrogenic carriers generate a charge difference across the membrane.
D)The direction in which charged particles are transported across the membrane does not affect the electrical gradient.
Answer: C
Q4) The products of glycolysis are ATP,NADH,and __________.
Answer: pyruvate
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phospholipase C cuts membrane phospholipids into
A)PIP and DAG.
B)PIP and IP .
C)Ca² and DAG.
D)DAG and IP .
Q2) The biogenic amine,__________,is important for invertebrates as a neurotransmitter.
A)epinephrine
B)norepinephrine
C)thyroid hormone
D)octopamine
Q3) The chemical properties of messengers affect how they are able to communicate with the target cell.Hydrophobic and hydrophilic messengers have many differences in the way they function.Discuss these differences and how they relate to the hydrophobicity/philicity.
Q4) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by the A)adrenal cortex.
B)chromaffin cells.
C)heart.
D)kidneys.
6
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Chapter 5: Neuron Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) A __________ transmits signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.
Q2) Neurotransmitters are composed of a variety of different chemicals,including
A)amino acids.
B)neuropeptides.
C)biogenic amines.
D)all of the above
Q3) Which of the following properties of action potentials is unique to animals?
A)They are a type of electrical signal.
B)They travel at very rapid speeds.
C)They may travel via intracellular connections.
D)They allow the organism's cells to communicate with each other.
Q4) What is the benefit of using action potentials for conductance of electrical signals,rather than simply using electrotonic spread?
A)Action potentials have a greater speed.
B)Action potentials can vary in amplitude to convey more information.
C)Action potentials can travel over longer distances.
D)both A and C
Q5) When a cell __________,the charge difference between the intracellular and extracellular fluids decreases.
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Chapter 6: Cellular Movement and Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true concerning sonic muscles?
A)They contract at much higher frequencies than the locomotor muscles found in the same organism.
B)They utilize completely different muscle proteins.
C)They have a very slow rate of cross-bridge cycling.
D)They are able to contract rapidly while producing large amounts of force.
Q2) __________ vesicles are transported to the membrane by the motor protein
A)Filled;kinesin
B)Filled;dynein
C)Empty;kinesin
D)Empty;dynein
Q3) When microfilaments remain the same size by increasing length on one end and decreasing their length on the other,we say they are __________.
Q4) Which myosin isoform is found in fast-twitch muscle?
A)perinatal
B)extraoccular
C)type I
D)type IIb
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Chapter 7: Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In arthropods,the primary olfactory organs are generally located on the A)mandible.
B)tympanum.
C)ommatidia.
D)antennae.
Q2) Stimulus intensity is normally coded by action potential_____________.
Q3) In aquatic vertebrates,gustation always involves detecting sensations involved with A)predators.
B)potential mates.
C)food.
D)all of the above
Q4) Some species of fish are able to produce electrical discharges.These fish
A)produce discharges continuously from their electric organ.
B)produce only weak discharges of approximately 1 volt.
C)have a specialized electric organ of highly derived nerve and muscle cells known as electrocytes.
D)are known as strongly electric fish.
Q5) In the mammalian inner ear,inner hair cells detect sounds,while outer hair cells
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Chapter 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tendency to reduce the magnitude of a response following repeated stimulation is called __________.
Q2) There is a large variation in brain size among vertebrates,and the relationship between brain size and brain complexity has always been a fascinating topic of study.What is meant by the term encephalization quotient (EQ)? What information does EQ provide,what are two problems with using EQs,and is there a better way to address the questions of brain complexity?
Q3) The three main regions of the vertebrate brain are the prosencephalon,the mesencephalon,and the __________.
Q4) This brain structure is greatly reduced in mammals relative to other vertebrates.
A)cerebellum
B)midbrain
C)forebrain
D)isocortex
Q5) In mammals,the midbrain can be grouped together with the pons and medulla oblongata,and is called the __________.
Q6) The only organ controlled by efferent motor neurons is __________.
Q7) All vertebrate motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Circulatory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term for a decrease in heart rate is __________.
Q2) When arterial blood reaches the capillary bed,the fluid from the capillary moves into the interstitial spaces.After arterial blood has passed through the capillaries into the venous network,fluid will flow back again into the blood from the interstitial fluid.Give the Starling principle of fluid exchange,and use this principle to explain the movement of fluids at the capillary bed.
Q3) When there is an immediate requirement for increased oxygen to a particular body tissue in the systemic circuit,
A)arterioles will dilate in that area.
B)capillaries will increase in number.
C)capillaries will decrease in size.
D)arterioles will constrict in that area.
Q4) In fishes and amphibians,spongy myocardium receives oxygen from A)blood in the heart chambers.
B)coronary arteries.
C)trachea.
D)pericardial fluid.
Q5) Sponges do not have a true circulatory system,but they can propel water through their bodies using flagellated __________.
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Chapter 10: Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macrophages
A)secrete cytokines that initiate changes in other cells.
B)are capable of ingesting neutrophils.
C)are referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN)cells.
D)A and B
Q2) Neutrophils
A)are the least abundant of the leukocytes in mammals.
B)stain dark blue by the histological H&E stain.
C)use both phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial agents to destroy microbes.
D)B and C
Q3) Which are the main types of phagocytes involved in the innate immune response?
A)macrophages and neutrophils
B)macrophages and basophils
C)neutrophils and B cells
D)basophils and eosinophils
Q4) Immunoglobulin diversity arose through gene ________________.
Q5) Explain how the use of biological control to decrease the population of introduced European rabbits in Australia relates to immunology.
Q6) ______________ cells play an important role in allergic reactions.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the three phases of discontinuous ventilation in insects and give two possible reasons for its adaptive significance.
Q2) Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in a __________ fashion.
A)countercurrent
B)concurrent
C)crosscurrent D)convection
Q3) One of the immediate products of mitochondrial respiration is A)oxygen.
B)ATP.
C)carbohydrate.
D)carbon monoxide.
Q4) In birds,fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the A)lungs.
B)posterior air sacs.
C)anterior air sacs.
D)buccal cavity.
Q5) Describe four ways in which vertebrate gills and lungs are similar.
Q6) Discuss three limitations to the strategy of cutaneous respiration.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Locomotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cross-sectional view of the wings of birds and planes reveals a curved upper surface demonstrating both to be __________.
Q2) How does the mitochondrial content vary among muscle types and species?
Q3) Many species of zooplankton possess large droplets of lipid,typically in the form of __________,to increase their buoyancy.
A)cholesterol
B)squalene
C)triglycerides
D)wax esters
Q4) Briefly name and explain the roles of the various hindlimb muscles that function in walking in mammals.
Q5) The role of extensor muscles,absent in the leg joints of many spiders,has been replaced by
A)fluid movements and pressure changes of the hydrostatic skeleton.
B)strategically placed exoskeletal plates that store elastic energy when deformed.
C)a system of chitinous self-locking and unlocking catches and levers.
D)a system of autonomously controlled valves within the legs.
Q6) Discuss the relationship between wing size and body mass in birds.
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Chapter 13: Ion and Water Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the reabsorption of glucose and Na from the lumen of the nephron tubule into the blood,using both the Na /K ATPase and Na /glucose transporter in your answer.Use a diagram if necessary.
Q2) Ion and water regulation in the insect is controlled by the A)kidney. B)metanephridium.
C)Malpighian tubule. D)caecum.
Q3) Aldosterone regulates balance of A)calcium and chloride. B)magnesium and sodium. C)sodium and potassium. D)phosphates and calcium.
Q4) Animals that can tolerate only a narrow range of external osmolarity are described as __________.
Q5) Many reptiles and birds possess a __________ that aids in ion and water balance by excreting hyperosmotic solutions of Na and Cl .
Q6) Ammonia,uric acid,and urea are similar in that they all eliminate the element __________ from the body.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Digestion and Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following enzymes is incorrectly paired with its substrate?
A)lipase : triglycerides
B)trypsin : proteins
C)amylase : polysaccharides
D)nuclease : oligosaccharides
Q2) The middle layer of the mammalian tooth is a living tissue known as the __________.
Q3) The same caloric equivalent of a gram of protein or carbohydrate is
A)2 kcal.
B)4 kcal.
C)9 kcal.
D)12 kcal.
Q4) The __________ layer of the intestinal wall is primarily composed of connective tissue.
A)mucosa
B)submucosa
C)circular smooth muscle
D)longitudinal smooth muscle
Q5) In the small intestine,the __________ and __________ found in bile act in concert to organize lipids into small droplets called micelles.
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Chapter 15: Thermal Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how birds and mammals lose heat through ventilation.
Q2) Describe the three preflight mechanisms of regional heterothermy observed in bumblebees and large flying moths.
Q3) In biological systems,radiant heat exchange occurs through electromagnetic radiation in the __________ range.
Q4) The reduction of heat loss via piloerection is a phenomenon commonly observed in A)birds and mammals.
B)heterothermic fish.
C)large flying insects.
D)marine reptiles.
Q5) Cells can remodel their membranes to preserve fluidity in a process known as __________ adaptation.
Q6) The central thermostat of birds appears to reside in the A)atrial wall.
B)adrenal cortex.
C)hypothalamus.
D)spinal cord.
Q7) What are the four mechanisms by which cells can remodel membranes to preserve fluidity?
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Birds transfer sperm directly from the __________ of the male to that of the female.
Q2) In crocodilians and marine turtles,the sex of the young is determined by
A)homogamy vs.heterogamy.
B)aromatase activity.
C)nest temperature.
D)rates of vitellogenesis.
Q3) Animals mediate the effects of steroid hormones by altering the A)rates of hormone synthesis.
B)levels of target tissue receptors.
C)rates of degradation.
D)all of the above
Q4) Which of the following structures is INCORRECTLY matched to its function?
A)bulbourethral gland --- secretion of nutrients and enzymes
B)epididymis --- sperm concentration and storage
C)fallopian tube --- common site of fertilization
D)placenta --- maternal/fetal endocrine and exchange organ
Q5) The __________ is the loss of uterine tissue at the end of the menstrual cycle.
Q6) In ________________ animals,embryos obtain nourishment from yolk,and mature eggs hatch inside the mother.
Page 18
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