Physics of Diagnostic Imaging
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Course Introduction
Physics of Diagnostic Imaging provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental physical principles underlying medical imaging technologies used for diagnosis. The course covers topics such as the generation and interaction of X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine. Emphasis is placed on understanding image formation, contrast mechanisms, resolution, and safety considerations, as well as the technical aspects that influence image quality and diagnostic accuracy. Through this course, students gain the necessary knowledge to appreciate the strengths and limitations of various imaging modalities, preparing them for advanced studies or professional practice in healthcare and medical physics.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 1st Edition by James Johnston
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16 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Imaging Sciences
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much force is needed to move a 20-kg box whose acceleration is 5 m/s²?
A) 100 N
B) 100 W
C) 100 m/s<sup>2</sup>
D) 100 m/s
Answer: A
Q2) What is the momentum of a 30-kg object traveling at 2.5 m/s?
A) 12 kg-m/s
B) 75 kg-m/s
C) 150 kg-m/s
D) 187.5 kg-m/s
Answer: B
Q3) The tube head assembly consists of:
A) x-ray tube
B) tube stand
C) collimator
D) all of the above
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Structure of the Atom
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Sample Questions
Q1) The electrons stay in orbit around the nucleus because of:
A) their attraction to the protons
B) their attraction to the neutrons
C) their attraction to the other electrons
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Q2) For the chemical element sodium (²² Na),the atomic number is:
A) eleven
B) twenty two
C) thirty three
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Q3) Discovery of the electron is attributed to:
A) Dalton
B) Bohr
C) Thomson
D) Rutherford
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Electromagnetic and Particulate Radiation
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the wave's frequency increases,the wavelength:
A) stays the same
B) increases
C) decreases
D) it depends on the type of electromagnetic radiation
Answer: C
Q2) All electromagnetic radiation travels at the same speed.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) X-rays and gamma rays differ in:
A) the energy source that produces them
B) the effect they have on matter
C) their energy level
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Q4) All of the electromagnetic radiations are capable of ionizing matter.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: X-Ray Circuit
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Sample Questions
Q1) Single-phase full-wave rectified current has:
A) 10% ripple
B) 25% ripple
C) 50% ripple
D) 100% ripple
Q2) A step-up transformer results in:
A) increased current
B) increased voltage
C) A and B
D) none of the above
Q3) Current that changes direction in the conductor is:
A) alternating current
B) indirect current
C) direct current
D) weak current
Q4) The timer circuit is found on the:
A) primary circuit
B) secondary circuit
C) filament circuit
D) none of the above
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Chapter 5: The X-Ray Tube
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Sample Questions
Q1) By regulation,x-ray tube leakage radiation can be no more than:
A) 100 R per hour
B) 100 R per minute
C) 100 mR per hour
D) 100 mR per minute
Q2) The focusing cup is part of the:
A) filament circuit
B) primary circuit
C) secondary circuit
D) none of the above
Q3) The rotor is made of:
A) an iron core
B) a molybdenum core
C) tungsten
D) rhenium
Q4) Molybdenum is found in the _______________ of the rotating anode.
A) shaft
B) disc
C) target area
D) A and B
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Chapter 6: X-Ray Production
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inverse square law describes the relationship between ____________ and beam intensity.
A) kVp
B) distance
C) exposure time
Q2) Characteristic x-ray photons result:
A) when an outer-shell electron is knocked out
B) when an inner-shell electron is knocked out
C) when outer-shell electrons fill the vacancy in an inner shell
D) B and C
Q3) A continuous emission spectrum is a graphic representation of:
A) characteristic radiation
B) bremsstrahlung radiation
C) remnant radiation
D) A and B
Q4) A discrete emission spectrum is a graphic representation of:
A) characteristic radiation
B) bremsstrahlung radiation
C) remnant radiation
D) A and B
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Chapter 7: X-Ray Interactions With Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Compton scatter photon:
A) may exit the patient as part of the remnant radiation
B) does not have enough energy to produce further interactions
C) has enough energy to produce further interactions
D) A and C
Q2) Most classical scatter photons:
A) are the result of the removal of an orbital electron
B) are absorbed in the body
C) are transmitted through the body
D) become remnant radiation
Q3) The end product(s)of a photoelectric interaction is (are):
A) a high-energy x-ray photon
B) a photoelectron
C) an ionized atom
D) B and C
Q4) Pair production occurs when the incident photon interacts with:
A) an inner-shell electron
B) an outer-shell electron
C) inner- and outer-shell electrons
D) the nucleus of the atom
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Chapter 8: Image Production
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Sample Questions
Q1) The image from the output phosphor of the image intensifier is displayed on a television monitor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Brightness gain of the image intensifier is the:
A) increase in the number of light intensities at the output phosphor
B) increased brightness of the image because the output phosphor is much smaller than the input phosphor
C) combination of minification gain and flux gain
D) none of the above
Q3) Imaging tissues with lower atomic numbers results in:
A) increased attenuation
B) decreased attenuation
C) no change in attenuation
Q4) Another name for remnant radiation is:
A) transmitted radiation
B) scatter radiation
C) exit radiation
D) none of the above
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Chapter 9: Image Characteristics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relationship between radiation exposure and optical density for any specific film depends on:
A) the shape of the sensitometric curve
B) the position of the sensitometric curve
C) the slope of the sensitometric curve
D) all of the above
Q2) The number of shades of gray that can be stored and displayed by a computer system is:
A) grayscale
B) pixel pitch
C) pixel density
D) contrast resolution
Q3) A diagnostic quality image is the result of:
A) maximizing the amount of recorded detail
B) maximizing distortion
C) minimizing distortion
D) A and C
Q4) Radiographic contrast should change based on the anatomy being imaged.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Radiographic Exposure Technique
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a 12:1 ratio grid is used in a procedure that previously used no grid and 4 mAs,how much mAs should be used with the grid?
A) 0.33 mAs
B) 1.25 mAs
C) 20 mAs
D) 48 mAs
Q2) If 40 mAs produce a good density film image when a 12:1 ratio grid is used,how much mAs should be used with a 5:1 ratio grid?
A) 6.7 mAs
B) 16 mAs
C) 96 mAs
D) 100 mAs
Q3) Shape distortion is only due to misalignment of the tube or part.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Exposure factors that include higher kVp and lower mAs are recommended for both film and digital imaging to reduce patient exposure.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Scatter Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anyone in the room during an exposure must wear a lead apron to absorb the scatter radiation produced in the:
A) table
B) patient
C) air
D) beam
Q2) The automatic collimator:
A) automatically collimates to the anatomy of interest
B) is required by law on all new equipment
C) is seldom found on modern x-ray equipment
D) automatically collimates to the IR size
Q3) The recommended SIDs that can be used with a focused grid is the:
A) convergent line
B) focal distance
C) convergent point
D) focal range
Q4) The air gap technique is a frequently used method for reducing the amount of scatter radiation reaching the IR.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Image Receptors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Washing the film uses a process called:
A) infusion
B) diffusion
C) confusion
D) disfusion
Q2) The range of radiation exposures that will provide appropriate optical densities is:
A) film speed
B) film latitude
C) film contrast
D) spectral sensitivity
Q3) The human eye can appreciate approximately _______ shades of gray at a particular level.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 30
D) 300
Q4) The humidity in the darkroom should be as low as possible.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Automatic Exposure Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) All APR settings use AEC
A)True
B)False
Q2) The predetermined level of radiation exposure needed to terminate the exposure when using AEC is set by:
A) the radiologist
B) the technologist
C) people who service the equipment
D) the manufacturer
Q3) Testing to make sure the AEC system produces the same results for multiple identical exposures is checking for ______________ and the optical densities should be within +/- ______________.
A) reproducibility;0.1
B) calibration;2
C) consistency;0.2
D) none of the above
Q4) When your patient for an AP abdomen is very heavy,using AEC results in:
A) underexposure to the IR
B) overexposure to the IR
C) appropriate exposure to the IR
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Image Intensified Fluoroscopy
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Sample Questions
Q1) When operated in magnification mode,the electrostatic lenses have ________ of a negative charge.
A) less
B) more
C) the same amount as usual
D) one half
Q2) In terms of resolution,the weakest part of the fluoroscopic system is the:
A) image intensifier
B) television monitor
C) camera tube
D) none of the above
Q3) Which of the following accurately shows the energy sequence during fluoroscopy?
A) light to x-rays to electrons to light
B) x-rays to light to electrons to light
C) x-rays to electrons to light
D) electrons to light to electrons
Q4) The purpose of a camera tube or CCD is to record the fluoroscopic image.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Additional Equipment
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Sample Questions
Q1) This type of radiographic unit is very lightweight and produces a consistent radiation output.
A) battery-powered mobile unit
B) capacitor discharge mobile unit
C) direct-power mobile unit
D) high-frequency mobile unit
Q2) The mammography unit's x-ray tube window is made of molybdenum.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The arc created when the x-ray beam is on during tomography is the:
A) tomographic amplitude
B) exposure amplitude
C) fulcrum
D) focal plane
Q4) DXA stands for:
A) double x-ray absorption
B) density x-ray attenuation
C) dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
D) double density x-ray attenuation
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Chapter 16: Computed Tomography
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following data needs to be known to perform an attenuation calculation?
A) original x-ray beam intensity
B) type of CT scanner
C) transmitted x-ray intensity
D) A and C
Q2) Filtered back projection uses the bowtie filter to reconstruct the CT image.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Also known as high-contrast resolution,this quality determines the system's ability to distinguish between very different tissue types as they get closer together.
A) noise
B) spatial resolution
C) contrast resolution
D) all of the above
Q4) Slices of anatomy that go from head to foot are:
A) coronal
B) sagittal
C) axial
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