Physical Therapy Fundamentals
Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Physical Therapy Fundamentals introduces students to the foundational concepts and practices essential for a career in physical therapy. The course covers the principles of human anatomy and physiology, the biomechanics of movement, and the methods used to assess and treat a range of physical impairments. Emphasis is placed on understanding patient care, therapeutic exercise, manual therapy techniques, and the ethical responsibilities of a physical therapist. Through lectures, labs, and case studies, students build the knowledge and skills required to support patient recovery, promote mobility, and enhance quality of life.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Anatomy Physiology 7th Edition by Frederic H. Martini
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the terminology of planes and sections,which example includes two terms with identical meanings?
A) frontal/coronal
B) coronal/horizontal
C) equatorial/coronal
D) sagittal/midsagittal
E) caudal/cranial
Answer: A
Q2) Your blood glucose level has dropped perilously low because you have been starving yourself for a couple of days to lose weight.Your liver,directed by the hormone insulin,converts its last stored glycogen into glucose to get it out into your bloodstream.In this scenario,the liver is the
A) receptor.
B) effector.
C) control center.
D) feedback.
E) balance.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The reaction NaOH + HCl NaCl + H O would be an example of a(n)
A) exchange reaction.
B) decomposition reaction.
C) synthesis reaction.
D) enzyme reaction.
E) metabolic reaction.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following constitutes most of the total body weight in humans?
A) water
B) acids
C) bases
D) salts
E) organic molecules
Answer: A
Q3) How does the RNA molecule differ from a DNA molecule?
Answer: RNA is usually single stranded and DNA is double stranded.RNA contains ribose sugars and DNA contains deoxyribose sugars.DNA contains the nitrogenous bases A,G,C,and T,while RNA contains A,G,C,and U.
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) A cell must expend energy to accomplish substance movement during A) diffusion.
B) active transport.
C) passive transport.
D) osmosis.
E) filtration.
Answer: B
Q2) When genes are switched off to allow a cell to restrict or specialize its functions,the process is called
A) adaptation.
B) differentiation.
C) structural integration.
D) destabilization.
E) cellular activation.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Durable intercellular connections that are abundant between cells in the superficial layers of the skin are called
A) tight junctions.
B) gap junctions.
C) desmosomes.
D) CAMS.
E) proteoglycans.
Q2) The process of tissue repair where damaged tissue is replaced or repaired to restore normal function is called
A) necrosis.
B) fibrosis.
C) inflammation.
D) regeneration.
E) differentiation.
Q3) Connective tissue fibers are formed from protein subunits secreted by A) macrophages.
B) adipocytes.
C) fibroblasts.
D) antibody-producing cells.
E) mast cells.
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?
A) gap junctions
B) CAMs
C) tight junctions
D) connexons
E) hemidesmosomes
Q2) The nail ________ covers the nail bed.
A) root
B) body
C) lunula
D) cuticle
E) eponychium
Q3) The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called
A) melanin.
B) keratin.
C) carotene.
D) dermicidin.
E) calcitriol.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The spinal cord lies within the
A) superior articular foramen.
B) intervertebral foramen.
C) vertebral foramen.
D) transverse foramen.
E) body.
Q2) Why might a person suffering from osteoporosis benefit from increased calcium ingestion?
Q3) Costal facets are distinctive features of ________ vertebrae.
A) cervical
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) sacral
E) coccygeal
Q4) The bone that makes up the lower jaw is the A) mandible.
B) maxillary.
C) zygomatic.
D) temporal.
E) cribriform plate.
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Place these steps of muscle contraction in the correct order. 1.Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma
2)Nerve impulse arrives at synapse
3)Calcium is released into muscle cell cytoplasm
4)Acetylcholine is produced
5)Actin and myosin molecules continuously cross-link,with actin molecules being pulled inward
A) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
B) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
C) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
D) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
E) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
Q2) Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?
A) Sarcoplasmic reticulum absorbs sodium ions.
B) Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the sarcolemma.
C) Calcium ions bind to troponin.
D) Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
E) An action potential spreads across the entire surface of the muscle fiber.
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which pathway provides subconscious,involuntary control of muscle tone and movements of the neck,trunk,and limbs?
A) spinothalamic
B) spinocerebellar
C) homuncular
D) medial pathway
E) posterior column
Q2) The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands.
A) cerebellum
B) midbrain
C) diencephalon
D) pons
E) medulla
Q3) Jenny has had a stroke,caused by a blood clot obstructing blood flow to her left parietal lobe.She seems to have a problem with understanding words and concepts now,but her speech and hearing are fine.What specific area of the brain has been damaged? What support do you have for your choice?
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Chapter 9: The General and Special Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The space between the iris and the cornea is the A) anterior chamber.
B) posterior chamber.
C) pupil.
D) aqueous humor.
E) vitreous body.
Q2) Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant is a process called A) nearsightedness.
B) farsightedness.
C) myopia.
D) astigmatism.
E) accommodation.
Q3) Temperature sensations are relayed along the same pathways that carry sensations of A) pressure.
B) low frequency vibration.
C) body position.
D) pH.
E) pain.
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Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Structure B is the A) pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pineal gland.
D) thymus.
E) thyroid gland.
Q2) Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called
A) exocrine cells.
B) first messengers.
C) target cells.
D) second messengers.
E) G-proteins.
Q3) Structure E is the A) adrenal gland.
B) parathyroid gland.
C) ovary.
D) stomach.
E) pancreas.
Q4) Explain the interactions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) For erythropoiesis to proceed normally,protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors,such as vitamin B ,which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of which of the following?
A) thyroxine
B) intrinsic factor
C) Factor X
D) platelet factor
E) EPO
Q2) During red blood cell development,what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?
A) reticulocyte
B) erythrocyte
C) myeloid stem cell
D) hemocytoblast
E) proerythroblast
Q3) In the disease mononucleosis ("mono"),the spleen enlarges because of increased macrophage activity.Common symptoms of this disease include pale complexion,premature muscle fatigue,weakness,and a lack of energy,sometimes to the point of not being able to get out of bed.What might cause these symptoms?
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Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart.
1.right atrium
2)left atrium
3)right ventricle
4)left ventricle
5)vena cavae
6)aorta
7)pulmonary trunk
8)pulmonary veins
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
A) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5
B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5
C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
D) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6
E) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6
Q2) Explain the significance of the thickness of the left ventricular wall.
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Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 m and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells?
A) capillaries
B) muscular arteries
C) arterioles
D) venules
E) elastic arteries
Q2) The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system.
A) the venous component
B) the capillary vessels
C) all the vessels
D) the arterial vessels
E) the arteriovenous component
Q3) Label J represents the
A) brachiocephalic trunk.
B) aortic arch.
C) left pulmonary arteries.
D) left pulmonary veins.
E) pulmonary trunk.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability of certain phagocytes to move through the wall of a capillary is called
A) inflammation.
B) diapedesis.
C) chemotaxis.
D) necrosis.
E) immunological escape.
Q2) During a typical immune response,activated B cells mature into cells that produce ________,which bind(s)to and attack(s)foreign invaders.
A) antigens
B) perforins
C) antibodies
D) heparin
E) complement proteins
Q3) Which cells have a primary role in cell-mediated immunity?
A) B cells
B) T cells
C) NK cells
D) antigens
E) plasma cells
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Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately exposed to and destroyed by
A) toxins in the mucus.
B) the cilia.
C) stomach acids and enzymes.
D) a lack of nutrients.
E) alveolar macrophages.
Q2) During exhalation,
A) pressure inside the lungs is less than the outside pressure.
B) pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases.
C) inside and outside pressures are equal.
D) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
E) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
Q3) Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%)is
A) dissolved in plasma.
B) bound to hemoglobin.
C) transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
E) carried by white blood cells.
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood?
A) pancreas
B) stomach
C) small intestine
D) large intestine
E) liver
Q2) The layer of the digestive tract that underlies the mucosal epithelium and consists of areolar connective tissue is the
A) lamina propria.
B) submucosa.
C) muscularis.
D) serosa.
E) adventitia.
Q3) In the duodenum,submucosal glands secrete which of the following?
A) brush border enzymes
B) an alkaline mucus
C) pepsin
D) secretin
E) cholecystokinin
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Chapter 17: Metabolism and Energetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which bulk mineral is a major cation in body fluids and is essential for normal membrane function?
A) calcium
B) iron
C) sodium
D) chloride
E) phosphorus
Q2) Glycerol enters the citric acid cycle after enzymes in the cytosol convert it to
A) glucose.
B) pyruvate.
C) glycogen.
D) LDL/HDL.
E) cholesterol.
Q3) Lipids that can diffuse easily across plasma membranes are called A) triglycerides.
B) steroids.
C) albumins.
D) high-density lipoproteins.
E) free fatty acids.
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Chapter 18: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are the
A) urethra and ureters.
B) kidneys and bladder.
C) ureters and kidneys.
D) urethra and bladder.
E) kidneys and urethra.
Q2) With increasing age,
A) the number of functional nephrons increases.
B) the sensitivity to ADH and aldosterone increases.
C) the total body water content increases.
D) instances of kidney problems increase.
E) the body mineral content increases due to the deterioration of bone.
Q3) Label R represents which of the following structures?
A) hilum
B) renal pelvis
C) renal cortex
D) renal medulla
E) renal sinus
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Chapter 19: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Label I represents which of the following structures?
A) urinary bladder
B) clitoris
C) labium minus
D) labium majus
E) greater vestibular gland
Q2) Label K represents which of the following structures?
A) urinary bladder
B) rectum
C) anus
D) urethra
E) sigmoid colon
Q3) Which uterine layer consists of a superficial functional zone and a deeper basilar zone?
A) endometrium
B) cervix
C) myometrium
D) internal os
E) perimetrium
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Chapter 20: Development and Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Label J represents which of the following structures?
A) syncytial trophoblast
B) developing villi
C) lacuna
D) uterine gland
E) amniotic cavity
Q2) Label K represents which of the following structures?
A) blastocoele
B) blastocyst
C) trophoblast
D) developing villi
E) chorion
Q3) If an individual carries two different alleles of the same gene,he or she is ________ for the trait determined by that gene.
A) homologous
B) homozygous
C) heterozygous
D) autosomal
E) polygenic
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