Physical Therapy Fundamentals
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Physical Therapy Fundamentals provides students with a comprehensive introduction to the foundational principles, concepts, and practices of physical therapy. The course covers the basic anatomy and physiology relevant to movement, common assessment techniques, and therapeutic interventions used to restore function and mobility. Students will explore the role of physical therapists in various healthcare settings, ethical considerations, patient communication, and the development of individualized treatment plans. Emphasis is placed on safety, evidence-based practice, and the collaborative nature of patient-centered care, preparing students for further study and practical application in the field of physical therapy.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 7th Edition by Valerie C. Scanlon
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22 Chapters
5020 Verified Questions
5020 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Organization and General Plan of the Body
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205 Verified Questions
205 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A positive feedback mechanism:
A)can only be beneficial to the body
B)is the most common type of feedback mechanism
C)needs an external event to control it
D)is needed for digestion
Answer: C
Q2) An organ that is part of the endocrine system probably ____ something.
A)protects
B)secretes
C)covers
D)moves
Answer: B
Q3) The areas of the body that have names similar to the bones within them are:
A)the parietal area
B)the femoral area
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and the iliac area
Answer: D
Q4) The peritoneum lines the ____________________.
Answer: abdominal cavity
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Chapter 2: Some Basic Chemistry
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266 Verified Questions
266 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The element that is part of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> is:
A)sodium
B)copper
C)calcium
D)cobalt
Answer: D
Q2) For the elements chlorine and calcium,the chemical symbols are ____________________ and ____________________.
Answer: Cl,Ca Ca,Cl
Q3) A heavy-metal ion may disrupt the functioning of an enzyme because:
A)substrates bond to the metal ion
B)a metal ion may change the shape of the active site
C)metal ions raise the pH of cellular fluid
D)metal ions displace enzymes in intracellular fluid
Answer: B
Q4) Glycogen is the storage form for excess ____________________.
Answer: glucose
Q5) The transport of minerals in the blood depends on the ____________________ function of water.
Answer: solvent
4
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Chapter 3: Cells
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238 Verified Questions
238 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of meiosis produces ____ cells,each with the ____ number of chromosomes.
A)2/diploid
B)2/haploid
C)4/diploid
D)4/haploid
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the process of protein synthesis? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)DNA has the original triplet code in its sequence of bases.
B)A tRNA molecule transfers a triplet from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell.
C)The triplet code specifies three amino acids for each base in the DNA.
D)An mRNA molecule takes a copy of the triplet code to an amino acid.
E)The ribosomes in the cytoplasm form ionic bonds between the amino acids.
F)The DNA base sequence for one protein is called a gene.
Answer: A,F
Q3) The diffusion of water through a membrane is called ____________________.
Answer: osmosis
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes
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206 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tissue that removes dust and pathogens from the trachea is
Q2) The type of muscle tissue that MUST receive nerve impulses to contract is
Q3) The connective tissue membrane that covers a muscle is the:
A)fascia
B)periosteum
C)perichondrium
D)peritoneum
Q4) Of the urethra,heart,and pharynx,the one NOT lined with mucous membrane is the ____________________.
Q5) Fibroblasts are cells that produce:
A)the proteins collagen and elastin in connective tissues
B)the muscle fibers in skeletal muscle
C)the proteins in muscle tissue
D)the fibers in nerve tissue
Q6) The part of a neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body is the ____________________.
Q7) Exocrine glands secrete their products into ____________________.
Q8) An organ made of lymphatic tissue is the ____________________.
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human hair helps keep dust out of the ____________________.
Q2) Adipose tissue that cushions some bones is found in the:
A)epidermis
B)dermis
C)subcutaneous tissue
D)fibrous connective tissue
Q3) Which of the following statements are true of human hair and nails? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)Hair on the scalp provides thermal insulation.
B)A fingernail is made of a very strong form of collagen.
C)Each hair has a small muscle that flattens the hair to protect the skin from cold.
D)Nails protect the proximal ends of the fingers and toes from mechanical injury.
E)Eyelashes help keep dust out of the eyes.
F)Fingernails are useful for picking up small objects.
G)Hairs in the upper nasal cavities protect the nasal sinuses.
H)A nail root or hair root is a site of mitosis.
Q4) The outer layer of the skin is the ____________________.
Q5) In a cold environment,the arterioles in the dermis will ____________________.
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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224 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Between adjacent lumbar vertebrae are ____ joints that are characterized by ____.
A)hinge/elastic connective tissue
B)symphysis/discs of cartilage
C)hinge/discs of cartilage
D)symphysis/elastic connective tissue
Q2) Which tissue is NOT an important part of synovial joints?
A)elastic connective tissue
B)cartilage
C)fibrous connective tissue
D)synovial membrane
Q3) The type of bone that is NOT made of osteons is ____________________ bone.
Q4) Compact bone forms the ____________________ of a long bone.
Q5) The type of bone marrow that is found in the diaphysis of long bones is ____________________ marrow,which is mostly ____________________ tissue.
Q6) The heart and liver are protected from mechanical injury by the ____________________.
Q7) The hormone in men that promotes closure of the epiphyseal discs is ____________________.
Q8) The ulna and radius form a ____________________ joint.
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The muscle around the mouth that puckers the lips is the:
A)masseter
B)sternocleidomastoid
C)buccinator
D)orbicularis oris
Q2) The function of the gastrocnemius is to:
A)extend the leg
B)plantar flex the foot
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q3) The function of the gluteus maximus is to:
A)stabilize the vertebral column
B)extend the thigh
C)flex the thigh
D)flex the vertebral column
Q4) In the sliding filament mechanism,the inhibiting proteins are ____________________ and ____________________.
Q5) The ____________________ of the brain coordinates the actions of skeletal muscles.
Q6) During exercise,excess heat is given off as ____________________ increases.
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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286 Verified Questions
286 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The axons of interneurons are located in the:
A)ventral root ganglia
B)dorsal root ganglia
C)white matter of the spinal cord or brain
D)gray matter of the spinal cord or brain
Q2) The layer of the meninges that is on the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the:
A)dura mater
B)arachnoid membrane
C)pia mater
D)choroid plexus
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of the structure of the sympathetic nervous system?
A)The ganglia are in two chains outside the backbone.
B)The preganglionic neurons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.
C)The neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
D)The structure of the synapses permits localized responses.
Q4) A group of neurons with shared functions in the peripheral nervous system is called a(n)____________________.
Q5) A reflex is defined as a(n)____________________ response to a(n)____________________.
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Chapter 9: The Senses
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217 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the sense of hunger,receptors are located in the ____________________ and the sensation is projected to the ____________________.
Q2) Which part of the eye is NOT paired with its correct function?
A)vitreous humor - helps keep the retina in place
B)tears - prevent bacterial growth on the retina
C)canal of Schlemm - reabsorbs aqueous humor
D)optic disc - site of optic nerve passage through the retina
Q3) Which of the following statements are true of the senses of taste and smell? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)The cranial nerves for taste are the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal.
B)The cranial nerves for smell are the olfactory nerves.
C)The receptors for taste and smell are chemoreceptors.
D)Each olfactory receptor can detect many different vapors.
E)The sensory areas for taste and smell are in the frontal lobes.
F)The sense of smell is largely dependent on the sense of taste.
Q4) Arterial pressoreceptors detect changes in ____________________.
Q5) The cranial nerve pair concerned with hearing is the ____________________.
Q6) The part of the ear that prevents sharp rises in pressure within the cochlea is the ____________________.
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Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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200 Verified Questions
200 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hormone that initiates the development of egg cells in the ovary is ____________________ which is produced by the ____________________ gland.
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the development of egg and sperm?
(Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)Both FSH and estrogen are necessary for the development of an ovum.
B)Both FSH and testosterone are necessary for the development of sperm.
C)Egg cells develop in the ovarian tubules.
D)Sperm develop in the testicular follicles.
E)LH contributes to sperm formation because it stimulates the secretion of testosteronE.
F)LH contributes to egg formation because it stimulates the secretion of estrogen.
Q3) Which of these is NOT a result of the function of aldosterone?
A)Blood volume is maintained at a normal level.
B)Blood calcium is kept within normal limits.
C)Blood pressure is maintained at a normal level.
D)Blood pH is kept within normal limits.
Q4) The mineral iodine is necessary for the synthesis of the hormone ____________________.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Blood
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217 Verified Questions
217 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Old RBCs are phagocytized by cells called ____________________,which are located in the ____________________,____________________,and
Q2) For breaks or ruptures in large arteries,the mechanism of hemostasis that must occur first is:
A)platelet plug formation
B)chemical clotting
C)vascular spasm
D)both A and B
Q3) Which pH is NOT in the normal range for blood?
A)7.40
B)7.30
C)7.37
D)7.39
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of erythropoietin?
A)Hypoxia is the stimulus for its production.
B)It stimulates faster RBC production by the red bone marrow.
C)It stimulates faster platelet production by the red bone marrow.
D)It is produced by the kidneys.
Q5) The kind of WBC that produces antibodies is the ____________________.
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Chapter 12: The Heart
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214 Verified Questions
214 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The outer layer of the pericardial membranes is the:
A)parietal pericardium
B)fibrous pericardium
C)endocardium
D)visceral pericardium
Q2) The inferior vena cava returns blood from the ____________________ to the ____________________ of the heart.
Q3) The visceral pericardium is also called the ____________________.
Q4) Impulses carried by sympathetic nerves to the heart will ____________________ the heart rate.
Q5) The vein that returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium is the:
A)superior vena cava
B)inferior vena cava
C)aortic vein
D)pulmonary vein
Q6) The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood from the ____________________ to the ____________________.
Q7) The term systole means ____________________ of the heart chambers.
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Q8) The function of the serous fluid of the pericardial membranes is to ____________________.
Chapter 13: The Vascular System
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214 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The function of the lining in both arteries and veins is to:
A)prevent abnormal clotting
B)prevent backflow of blood
C)help maintain blood pressure
D)prevent the blood from flowing too fast
Q2) A diastolic BP value is the pressure when:
A)the left ventricle is contracting
B)the right ventricle is contracting
C)the left ventricle is relaxing
D)the right ventricle is relaxing
Q3) The function of valves in veins is to ____________________.
Q4) Veins carry blood from:
A)arteries to capillaries
B)the heart to capillaries
C)capillaries to arteries
D)capillaries to the heart
Q5) In fetal circulation,the ductus arteriosus permits blood to flow from the ____________________ to the ____________________.
Q6) In capillaries,blood pressure provides the energy for the process of
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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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244 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of adaptive immunity? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)Antibody production is characteristic of both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity.
B)Opsonization is a reaction of cell-mediated immunity that attracts macrophages.
C)Memory B cells provide the memory of a pathogen in cell-mediated immunity.
D)Helper T cells help out with phagocytosis.
E)Cytotoxic T cells destroy cellular antigens by producing toxic chemicals.
F)Complement fixation is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes.
G)Helper T cells work with macrophages in the recognition of foreign antigens.
H)Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells that have differentiated from B cells.
Q2) Water found in the spaces between cells is called ____________________.
Q3) In the larger lymph vessels in the thoracic cavity,lymph is kept moving by the ____________________.
Q4) In adaptive immunity,the cells that have self-antigens to be used for comparison to foreign antigens are the ____________________.
Q5) The right lymphatic duct empties lymph into the ____________________ vein.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
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236 Verified Questions
236 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For an ongoing metabolic pH imbalance,the limit of respiratory compensation is approximately:
A)100%
B)75%
C)50%
D)25%
Q2) The function of the apneustic center is to ____________________.
Q3) Mucus and pathogens are swept out of the larynx and trachea by:
A)smooth muscle
B)peristalsis
C)ciliated epithelium
D)squamous epithelium
Q4) The volume of air left in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation is called:
A)residual air
B)remainder volume
C)maintenance capacity
D)alveolar capacity volume
Q5) The nerve impulses that stimulate contraction of the respiratory muscles come from the ____________________ center in the ____________________.
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cells of the lymph nodules of the alimentary tube will:
A)phagocytize microbes that penetrate the mucosa
B)produce antibodies to microbes that penetrate the mucosa
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and help initiate immunity to such microbes
Q2) When blood glucose level is high,the liver changes incoming ____________________ to ____________________.
Q3) The external anal sphincter:
A)is the last part of the defecation reflex arc
B)provides voluntary control of defecation
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and is made of smooth muscle
Q4) The part of a tooth that provides a hard chewing surface is the:
A)enamel
B)pulp cavity
C)periodontal membrane
D)dentine
Q5) The function of amylase in saliva is to digest ____________________ to ____________________.
Q6) In gastric juice,pepsin is activated by ____________________.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Body Temperature and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a cold environment,the arterioles in the dermis will:
A)dilate to release heat
B)dilate to conserve heat
C)constrict to release heat
D)constrict to conserve heat
Q2) A cheeseburger with "everything" consists of 50 grams of carbohydrates,70 grams of protein,and 70 grams of fat,which is ____________________ total calories.
Q3) Anabolism is the collective term for:
A)synthesis reactions
B)reversible reactions
C)decomposition reactions
D)energy-producing reactions
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of fat metabolism?
A)Fatty acids and glycerol are used to synthesize fats to be stored in adipose tissue.
B)A gram of fat yields 9 kilocalories of energy.
C)To be used for energy,fatty acids are changed to smaller acetyl groups.
D)Excess glycerol may be changed to glucose to be used for energy production.
Q5) In cell respiration,pyruvic acid is formed during ____________________ (stage).
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Chapter 18: The Urinary System
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280 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the kidneys,the process by which negative ions are reabsorbed is:
A)passive transport
B)active transport
C)osmosis
D)pinocytosis
Q2) A Bowman's capsule has ____________________ layers,and the layer that is very permeable is the ____________________ layer.
Q3) A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule are the two major parts of a ____________________.
Q4) Microvilli are found on the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule to:
A)sweep the filtrate through the tubule
B)maintain the pressure within the tubule
C)prevent excessive reabsorption of water
D)increase the surface area for reabsorption
Q5) The female urethra is ____________________ to the vagina.
Q6) Which statement is NOT true of tubular secretion in the kidneys?
A)Creatinine and ammonia can be secreted.
B)Materials that are secreted are put into the blood.
C)Materials that are secreted are not useful.
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D)Materials that are secreted will be found in urine.
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Chapter 19: Fluidelectrolyte and Acidbase Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pH-regulating mechanism that works most slowly is the
Q2) The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong acid by forming:
A)a weak acid and a salt
B)a weak base and a salt
C)a weak acid and water
D)a weak base and water
Q3) Too little water in the body:
A)is called dehydration,and may be caused by hemorrhage
B)may be caused by diarrhea
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and may be caused by severe burns
Q4) An anion is a ____________________ such as ____________________.
Q5) The fluid called plasma is:
A)water within arteries
B)water within veins
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and water within capillaries
Q6) The electrolytes that are essential for normal muscle contraction are
Q7) A cation is a ____________________ such as ____________________. Page 21
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Page 22
Chapter 20: The Reproductive Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The exit of the uterus,for menstrual flow,is the ____________________.
Q2) In the menstrual cycle,the corpus luteum develops during the ____________________ phase.
Q3) The transport of sperm from the testes to the ductus deferens is a function of:
A)the reticular ducts
B)the epididymis
C)the ejaculatory duct
D)B and C only
Q4) The female external genital organs are collectively called the ____________________.
Q5) The labia majora and minora cover the ____________________.
Q6) The ____________________ of a sperm cell contains the chromosomes,the ____________________ provide ATP,and the ____________________ provides motility.
Q7) The polar bodies produced by oogenesis:
A)have no function
B)disintegrate
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and there are three of them per cycle
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Q8) The part of a sperm cell that provides motility is the ____________________.
Chapter 21: Human Development and Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the ____________________ stage of labor,the amniotic sac ruptures.
Q2) The sex chromosomes in women are called ____________________.
Q3) Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that may also be called:
A)dominant and recessive
B)active and inactive
C)paired and unpaired
D)maternal and paternal
Q4) A person's genotype for a particular trait refers to the ____________________.
Q5) Genetics problem: Mom is heterozygous for type A blood and Dad is homozygous for type B blood.The chance that their child will have type B blood is:
A)0%
B)25%
C)50%
D)100%
Q6) Which statement is NOT true of the events surrounding fertilization?
A)The sperm and egg each contribute 23 chromosomes.
B)Fertilization usually takes place in the fallopian tube.
C)The zygote begins to divide by meiosis to produce two cells,then four cells,and so on.
D)The hollow sphere of cells that is formed is called a blastocyst.
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Chapter 22: An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the normal flora of a person?
A)The bacteria in the vagina create an alkaline pH that inhibits the growth of pathogens.
B)The colon has bacteria that produce vitamins,especially vitamin K.
C)The cilia of the nasal cavities sweep inhaled microorganisms to the pharynx.
D)The part of the small intestine with the smallest bacterial population is the duodenum.
Q2) A microorganism that is usually harmless but may become pathogenic in certain circumstance is called a(n)____________________.
Q3) The vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a ____________________.
Q4) The body systems lined with mucous membranes are the digestive,respiratory,reproductive,and _________________________.
Q5) The term for a parasite that lives within the body is:
A)ectoparasite
B)endoparasite
C)systemic parasite
D)internal parasite
Q6) A(n)____________________ infection is one that is acquired in a hospital.
Q7) Septicemia is the presence of ____________________ in the ____________________.
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