Physical Therapy
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Physical Therapy is a comprehensive course designed to introduce students to the fundamental principles, theories, and practices involved in the rehabilitation and treatment of individuals with physical impairments or disabilities. The course covers the anatomy and physiology of the human body, common musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, and evidence-based therapeutic techniques aimed at improving mobility, function, and quality of life. Students will gain practical knowledge in assessment, treatment planning, and the application of therapeutic modalities, including exercise, manual therapy, and patient education. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, patient-centered care, and the interdisciplinary role of physical therapists within healthcare teams.
Recommended Textbook
Basic Biomechanics 6th Edition by Susan Hall
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Chapter 1: What Is Biomechanics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are anthropometric factors?
A) the length of a forearm
B) the shape of a body
C) the weight of the trunk
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Force can be thought of as a push or a pull acting on a body.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Possible detrimental effects of knee braces include(s) which of the following?
A) changes muscle activity during gait
B) reduces sprinting speed
C) increases onset of fatigue
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Q4) A field that focuses on the prevention of work-related injuries and the improvement of working conditions and worker performance is known as __________________ biomechanics.
Answer: occupational
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding circumduction?
A) combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
B) synonymous with rotation
C) both A & B
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following units is unique to three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems (i.e. do not exist in 2-D systems)?
A) x
B) y
C) z
D) all of the above are unique to 3-D systems
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following terms best describes translational motion along a curved line?
A) rectilinear
B) curvilinear
C) rotational
D) general
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is/are scalar quantities?
A) force
B) mass
C) velocity
D) all of the above
Answer: B
Q2) When absorbing the force of a baseball, which of the following will change the impulse?
A) reduce the force with which the ball is thrown
B) wear a catcher's mitt
C) "give" with the ball when catching
D) both A and B
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Q3) Stress fractures result from which of the following types of loading?
A) acute loading
B) repetitive loading
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bone ______________ refers to the increase in bone mass.
Q2) Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone?
A) osteoclast
B) periosteum
C) osteoblast
D) epiphysis
Q3) Dynamic loading during gymnastics has been show to affect bone size and strength more than muscle mass.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis?
A) frequent headaches
B) joint pain in the extremities
C) back pain derived from vertebral fractures
D) swelling of the distal extremities
Q5) After age 60, what percentage of fractures are osteoporosis related?
A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 90%
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Chapter 5: The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal
Articulations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding bursitis?
A) overuse injury
B) frictional irritation in one or more bursae
C) inflammation
D) both A and B
E) all of the above
Q2) What is the result when a ligament is stretched beyond its elastic limit?
A) A sprain occurs.
B) Joint stability may be temporarily compromised.
C) Joint stability may be permanently compromised.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above
Q3) Which of the following is/are true regarding amphiarthrodial joints?
A) Hyaline cartilage holds the bones together.
B) They are slightly moveable.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Q4) Damaged articular cartilage can typically heal or regenerate on its own.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle
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Q1) The _________________ fiber arrangement is a pattern of fibers within a muscle with short fibers attaching to one or more tendons.
Q2) Muscle hypertrophy in humans is primarily due to what?
A) increase in number of muscle fibers
B) increase in size of muscle fibers
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Q3) The force-velocity relationship implies which of the following?
A) It is impossible to move a heavy resistance at a fast speed.
B) It is impossible to move a light load at a slow speed.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Q4) Which of the following statements represents the force-velocity relationship for muscle tissue?
A) contraction is faster when the load is heavier
B) contraction is slower when the load is heavier
C) contraction is slower when the load is lighter
D) the speed of contraction is not affected by the nature of the load
Q5) Explain the four roles assumed by muscles.
Q6) Graphically display the force-velocity relationship including explanation.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity
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Q1) The humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints are the three articulations present at which joint?
A) wrist
B) elbow
C) shoulder
D) none of the above
Q2) Muscles located where will cause flexion of the humerus?
A) anterior to the longitudinal axis of the glenohumeral joint
B) anterior to the mediolateral (frontal) axis of the glenohumeral joint
C) superior to the anteroposterior axis of the glenohumeral joint
D) anterior to the mediolateral (frontal) axis of the humeroulnar joint
Q3) Right-handed golfers will likely incur epicondylitis where?
A) lateral epicondylitis on the left side
B) lateral epicondylitis on the right side
C) medial epicondylitis on the left side
D) occurs with equal frequency on both sides of both arms
Q4) Shoulder girdle and shoulder joint are interchangeable terms meaning the same thing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Biomechanics of the Human Lower Extremity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
A) hip
B) shoulder
C) knee
D) ankle
Q2) Patellofemoral pain syndrome is likely associated with what?
A) weakness of vastus medialis relative to vastus lateralis
B) weakness of vastus lateralis relative to vastus medialis
C) weakness of biceps femoris relative to semitendinosus
D) weakness of semitendinosus relative to biceps femoris
Q3) Which of the following conditions must be met for rotation of the tibia relative to the femur?
A) the knee is not bearing weight
B) the knee is in flexion
C) the knee is in extension
D) both A and B
E) all of the above
Q4) High body mass is not associated with osteoarthritis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
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Q1) To minimize postural adaptations, a back pack load should be as high as possible near the shoulders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which part of the vertebrae bears the most weight?
A) lamina
B) superior articulating facet
C) body
D) inferior articulating facet
Q3) Which of the following spinal curves are referred to as primary curves?
A) the thoracic and cervical curves
B) the cervical and lumbar curves
C) the cervical and sacral curves
D) the thoracic and sacral curves
Q4) Sprains occur in what type of tissue?
A) muscles
B) tendons
C) ligaments
D) all of the above
Q5) The term "slipped disc" is often used to describe a ___________________ disc.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Linear Kinematics of Human Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) If velocity is constant, then acceleration is what?
A) zero
B) constant, but not necessarily zero
C) changing
D) need more information
Q2) Define velocity and acceleration, include the formulas for each and explain the relationship between the two by providing examples.
Q3) A ___________________ is a body in free fall subject only to the forces of ___________________ and __________________ __________________.
Q4) If the velocity of a sailboat changes from 4 m/s to 2 m/s over a period of time, what is true of the sailboat's acceleration?
A) it is positive
B) it is negative
C) it is equal to zero
D) it is equal to 2 knots/hr
Q5) Provide 2 examples in sport or rehab where instantaneous velocity is more important than average velocity and 2 examples where average velocity is more important. Provide rationale.
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Chapter 11: Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following quantities are equal?
A) 2 radians and 360°
B) 270° and 3/4 revolution
C) both A & B
D) none of the above
Q2) When are radian-based units essential?
A) when measuring linear velocity
B) when measuring angular velocity
C) when converting between linear and angular velocity
D) all of the above
Q3) Which of the following is/are formula(s) for tangential acceleration?
A) a<sub>t</sub> = (v<sub>t</sub>-v<sub>t</sub>)/t
B) a<sub>t</sub> = ra
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Q4) An angle formed by a body segment with respect to horizontal is what?
A) relative angle
B) absolute angle
C) acute angle
D) none of the above
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Chapter 12: Linear Kinetics of Human Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following mechanical quantities is evident in explosive track and field events, such as the long jump and the shot put.
A) kinetic energy
B) potential energy
C) mechanical work
D) mechanical power
Q2) A skater gliding on ice will continue to move in the same direction and with the same speed (in the absence of the action of additional forces). This exemplifies which of the following laws?
A) Newton's first law of inertia
B) Newton's second law of acceleration
C) Newton's third law of action/reaction
D) Newton's law of gravitational force
Q3) Two common forces that act to reduce momentum are ___________________ and __________________ __________________.
Q4) Newton's law of ___________________ can be restated as the conservation of ___________________.
Q5) An impact resulting in the total loss of velocity would be called a perfectly ___________________ impact.
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Chapter 13: Equilibrium and Human Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does not increase stability?
A) lower the COG
B) increase size of base of support
C) decrease mass
D) increase friction
Q2) The ability to control equilibrium defines what?
A) stability
B) balance
C) mobility
D) center of mass
Q3) Which of the following is/are true regarding a force couple?
A) created by equal forces on opposite sides of an axis
B) created by forces acting in the same angular direction
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Q4) The ratio of force arm to resistance arm defines ___________________ __________________.
Q5) If force is applied directly to the axis of rotation, torque will equal zero.
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 14: Angular Kinetics of Human Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a cyclist rounds a curve, where does centripetal force act?
A) on the cyclist's center of gravity
B) on the cycle's center of gravity
C) on the tires of the cycle
D) on the ground
Q2) Which of the following are accurate units for centripetal force?
A) kg·m<sup>2</sup>/s
B) kg·deg<sup>2</sup>/s
C) N
D) N-kg·m
Q3) Regarding moment of inertia of the leg with respect to the hip, which of the following leg morphologies would favor a sprinter?
A) massive thighs and slimmer lower legs
B) massive lower legs and slimmer thighs
C) leg morphology does not matter
D) need more information
Q4) Explain transfer of angular momentum using an example in sport, dance or rehabilitation.
Q5) Angular impulse is the product of ___________________ and ___________________.
Q6) Discuss the factors that affect moment of inertia, including examples.
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Chapter 15: Human Movement in a Fluid Medium
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Q1) Explain the theoretical square law, including examples.
Q2) Which of the following terms describes a force acting on a body in a fluid in a direction perpendicular to the fluid flow?
A) wave drag
B) surface drag
C) form drag
D) lift
Q3) Which of the following acts in the same direction as body motion?
A) wave drag
B) propulsive drag
C) skin friction
D) all of the above
Q4) The physical law stating that the buoyant force acting on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body is called ___________________
Q5) It is harder to float in salt water than fresh water.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the Bernoulli principle.
Q7) Discuss the Magnus effect, providing examples.
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