Physical Geology
Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Physical Geology is an introductory course that examines the dynamic processes shaping the Earth's surface and interior. Students explore the composition and structure of the planet, the formation and classification of rocks and minerals, and the mechanisms behind phenomena such as volcanism, earthquakes, and mountain building. The course also covers the effects of weathering, erosion, and plate tectonics, providing a comprehensive understanding of how Earth's physical features evolve over time. Emphasis is placed on both observational methods and the scientific principles that drive geological change.
Recommended Textbook
The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution 6th Edition by James S. Monroe
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Understanding Earth: A Dynamic and Evolving Planet
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Sample Questions
Q1) State the principle of uniformitarianism
Answer: The physical and chemical laws of nature have remained the same over time and cannot be violated.
Q2) The age of the universe is estimated by ____.
A) the temperature of the universal background radiation
B) the age of comets formed in interstellar space
C) the rate at which galaxies are moving away from one another
D) the age of subatomic particles as determined by radioactive decay
E) the age of the sun
Answer: C
Q3) In the 19 century,the geologic time scale was based primarily on sequence of fossils in the rock record.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) What is the definition of the word "theory" as used in science?
Answer: A theory is a coherent explanation for one or several related natural phenomena that is supported by a large body of objective evidence.
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Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
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Q1) The San Andreas Fault that runs through California ____.
A) is a transform fault
B) is a plate boundary
C) is the location of large earthquakes
D) is a transform fault that is the location of large earthquakes
E) all of these
Answer: D
Q2) Active volcanism on Venus indicates that the planet has a geologically active interior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) If the continents were once joined together,rocks and mountain ranges on the margins of each should have ____.
A) formed under the same conditions
B) formed the same sequences
C) formed at the same time
D) the same structural trends and forces
E) all of these
Answer: E
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Chapter 3: Minerals The Building Blocks of Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of neutrons in an atom always equals the number of protons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) An example of a material which has been both a resource and a reserve,depending on abundance,economic conditions,and mining technology is which of the following?
A) platinum
B) gold
C) petroleum
D) iron
E) all of these
Answer: E
Q3) How many mineral have been identified and described?
Answer: more than 3,500
Q4) Minerals are chemically classified by their ____________________. Answer: negative ion ion group
Q5) If a diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance,how can one be "cut"?
Answer: It is actually cleaved,along one of its four cleavage directions.
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Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks and Plutons
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Q1) Andesite and ____________________ are respectively,____trusive and ____trusive rocks formed in volcanic chains along ____________________ plate boundaries.
Q2) How does a batholith differ from a stock?
Q3) The largest intrusive bodies are called ____________________ and by definition,they must have at least ______ square kilometers of surface area.
Q4) Pegmatites are rocks of felsic composition that are similar to granite.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Geologists agree that hot-spot volcanism results from a rising mantle plume. A)True B)False
Q6) Explain how batholiths and stocks formed via plate tectonics.
Q7) An example of a glassy igneous rock is ____________________.
Q8) An igneous rock in which large mineral grains called ____________________ are suspended in a finely crystalline groundmass is called a(n)____________________.
Q9) Briefly explain how pegmatites form.
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Q10) The two main categories of igneous rocks are ____________________ and ____________________.
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Chapter 5: Volcanoes and Volcanism
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Q1) What produces columnar jointing in lava flows?
Q2) Discuss what volcanologists look for in trying to determine if a volcano is about to erupt.
Q3) The type of volcano that is the most common in the two major volcanic belts on Earth is ____________________.
Q4) Distinguish aa from pahoehoe flows.
Q5) Would you rather be chased by a pahoehoe flow or an aa flow? Explain.
Q6) Pyroclastic material that is less than 2 mm in diameter is called ____________________.Particles ranging from 2 to 64 mm in diameter are known as ____________________,while ____________________ are pieces larger than 64 mm in diameter.
Q7) Where are most volcanoes located?
A) the Mediterranean belt
B) the mid-oceanic ridges
C) the circum-Pacific belt
D) the East African Rift Zone
E) Indonesia
Q8) How is volcanism destructive? What are two reasons that it is primarily a constructive process?
Q9) Briefly explain why volcanism occurs at subduction zones. Page 8
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Chapter 6: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil
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Q1) A soil that is rich in clay and expands by more than 6% is an expansive soil. A)True
B)False
Q2) Weathering is an essential part of the _______ _______ because parent material must break down into smaller pieces or perhaps dissolve to become sediment.
Q3) Because quartzite is (more/less)____________________ chemically stable than granite,it will be covered by a (thicker/thinner)____________________ layer of soil than will an adjacent body of granite.
Q4) Sheet joints,created by pressure release,form roughly parallel to the rock surface. A)True
B)False
Q5) How does mechanical weathering differ from chemical weathering?
Q6) What three types of soil degradation are recognized?
Q7) How does regolith differ from soil?
Q8) What processes lead to soil degradation?
Q9) In what climatic conditions is frost action most effective?
Q10) Briefly explain how exfoliation domes form.
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Q11) How does mechanical weathering aid chemical weathering?
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Chapter 7: Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The United States is the world's largest producer and exporter of uranium.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How are oil and gas trapped in rock strata? What are these traps called?
Q3) The steam channel,floodplain,lake,beach or deep seafloor where a sediment is laid down is known as its _______ _______.
Q4) Briefly explain why the study of sedimentary environments is important in the study of historical geology.
Q5) Briefly explain how coal forms.
Q6) What are three ways in which hydrocarbons can be trapped in reservoir rock?
Q7) What are some of the characteristics of sedimentary rocks that are used in determining the depositional environment represented by a facies?
Q8) Any mass of material that can be easily separated from the enclosing rock is a A) primary sedimentary structure.
B) septaria.
C) geode.
D) concretion.
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Q9) What two sedimentary structures can be useful in determining paleocurrent directions?
Chapter 8: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) A metamorphic rock with more than 50% platy and elongated minerals,all of which are visible to the naked eye is a
A) phyllite.
B) gneiss.
C) slate.
D) schist.
Q2) List some of the minerals commonly used as index minerals for metamorphic zones.
Q3) Which mineral group is the source of most commercial asbestos?
A) serpentine
B) amphibole
C) chrysotile
D) serpentine and amphibolite
Q4) Which of the following correctly lists metamorphic mineral assemblages in order of decreasing temperature/pressure of formation?
A) chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite
B) biotite, garnet, chlorite, staurolite, sillimanite, kyanite
C) garnet, biotite, chlorite, sillimanite, staurolite, kyanite
D) sillimanite, staurolite, kyanite, garnet, biotite, chlorite
E) sillimanite, garnet, kyanite, staurolite, biotite, chlorite
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Chapter 9: Earthquakes and Earth's Interior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The depth to the Mohorovicic discontinuity is ______ km beneath the continents and between ______ and ______ km beneath the seafloor.
Q2) Why has it been suggested that large earthquakes might be prevented by injecting water along isolated portions of fault zones,which have been inactive for an unusually long time? When was this technique discovered?
Q3) The temperature of the core of Earth is estimated to be very close to that of the
A) interior of the Sun
B) surface of the Sun
C) Earth's mantle
D) Earth's oceanic crust
E) outer space
Q4) What is a possible cause of intraplate earthquakes?
Q5) Besides the distance to the epicenter of an earthquake,what are two other things that a seismograph can tell us?
Q6) Why are most intermediate- to deep-focus earthquakes generated at convergent plate boundaries?
Q7) The study of ancient earthquakes is known as ____________________.
Q8) The term that best describes most tsunamis is ____________________.
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Chapter 10: Deformation,Mountain Building,and Earth's
Crust
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation?
Q2) When an isolated mountain range occurs in the interior of a continent,one may infer that the range formed by what?
A) the collision of two continental plates
B) compressive forces acting on the opposing margins of a single plate
C) the rifting of the continent
D) the growth of a volcanic arc
E) the collision of two continental plates AND the growth of a volcanic arc
Q3) An important means of continental accretion is plutonism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the plate tectonics processes and associated stresses that have led to the formation of the Himalayas,the world's largest mountain range?
Q5) Continental crust is always thicker than oceanic crust.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the three types of stress?
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Q7) What type of information is found on geologic maps,and what are some of the possible uses for geologic maps?
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Chapter 11: Mass Wasting
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of a way in which mass wasting can affect human activity.
Q2) Landslide is
A) a general term for mass movements of earth materials.
B) a specific term for a mass movement of a defined type and speed.
C) a specific term used for mass movements on a volcano.
D) a specific term for the rapid movement of snow and ice downslope.
Q3) A slope material's strength and cohesion,the amount of internal friction between grains,and any external support of the slope define a slope's
A) mass wasting.
B) angle of repose.
C) dynamic equilibrium.
D) shear strength.
Q4) Why can mudflows be very dangerous?
Q5) Most major landslides ____.
A) are caused by earthquakes
B) are caused by volcanic eruptions
C) have natural causes
D) are due to human activity and poor engineering
E) none of these
Q6) How does a slump differ from a rock slide?
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Chapter 12: Running Water Streams and Rivers
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Q1) The outer bank of a meander in a meandering stream is called the ____________________ ____________________,where (erosion,deposition)____________________ takes place.The deposit on the opposite side of the channel is called the ____________________,which is where (erosion,deposition)____________________ occurs.
Q2) A stream erodes material from its banks and bed by ____.
A) suspension
B) hydraulic action
C) abrasion
D) suspension and hydraulic action
E) hydraulic action and abrasion
Q3) Briefly explain the trade-offs that accompany any flood control project.
Q4) When infiltration capacity is exceeded and water begins to move rapidly down slope,a continuous film of water known as ____________________ flow develops.This type of flow can cause ____________________.
Q5) What is (are)the source(s)of the dissolved load in most streams?
Q6) Briefly explain why braided streams are common in regions adjacent to glaciers.
Q7) Briefly explain how a stream can apparently have a bed that extends onto the continental shelf or to the shelf-slope break.
Q8) ____________________ flow is characteristic of almost all streams.
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Chapter 13: Groundwater
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Sample Questions
Q1) A poorly sorted porous rock/sediment is as permeable as a well-sorted porous rock/sediment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One common,widespread sedimentary rock that is readily dissolved by groundwater is ____________________.
Q3) A local aquiclude within a larger aquifer results in a(n)____.
A) cone of depression
B) perched water table
C) artesian aquifer
D) zone of aeration
E) zone of saturation
Q4) What is the average rate of groundwater flow?
A) a few kilometers a day
B) a few meters a day
C) a few centimeters a day
D) a few millimeters a day
E) imperceptible
Q5) During times of drought,the water table ____________________.
Q6) What causes the subsidence that sometimes accompanies groundwater use?
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Chapter 14: Glaciers and Glaciation
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are dropstones,and what do they indicate?
Q2) A glacial landform produced primarily by plucking rocks on the downstream side and smoothing by the glacier on the upstream side is called a(n)____.
A) roche moutonnée
B) esker
C) kame
D) terminal moraine
E) cirque
Q3) Briefly explain how a hanging valley forms.
Q4) Why do continental glaciers generally flow more slowly than valley glaciers?
Q5) Glaciers move primarily by ____________________ flow.
Q6) End moraines continue to grow as long as the ice front remains stationary.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Earth's orbit varies from nearly circular to more elliptical in a roughly 100,000-year cycle.
A)True
B)False
Q8) What is a possible explanation for long-term variations in Earth's climate?
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Chapter 15: The Work of Wind and Deserts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are windblown deposits of silt and clay called?
A) dunes
B) loess
C) ventifacts
D) yardangs
E) till
Q2) Briefly explain why there are extensive deposits of loess in China,Mississippi Valley,and north-central states of the United States.
Q3) What is Coriolis effect caused by?
A) wind shear between water and the atmosphere
B) the axial tilt of the Earth
C) the rotation of the Earth
D) differences in air pressure in different regions
E) Milankovitch cycles
Q4) Since most deserts have internal drainage,why are there through-flowing streams such as the Nile,Niger,Indus,Colorado Rivers in some deserts?
Q5) What can lithified sand dunes tell us?
Q6) Deserts receive less than ______ centimeters of rain per year,on average.
Q7) A playa forms by ____________________ of a playa lake.
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Chapter 16: Oceans, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes
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Q1) The distance wave-producing winds blow over a continuous body of water is the
A) wavelength
B) trough
C) height
D) fetch
E) velocity
Q2) The velocity of a wave is calculated as the ____________________ multiplied by the ____________________.
Q3) How do marine terraces form?
Q4) If hydraulic action and abrasion undercut headlands,structures known as ____________________ may form.When these join they form a(n)____________________,which might later collapse to give a(n)____________________.
Q5) The diameter of a water molecule orbit increases with depth until the wave reaches the seafloor.
A)True B)False
Q6) What two phenomena cause the tides? Which of these is stronger,and why?
Q7) How are most waves generated?
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Chapter 17: Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles
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Q1) Describe how stalagmites are used to reconstruct past climate.
Q2) Climate changes in a region because A) continents are carried to different latitudes.
B) continental movement affects ocean circulation patterns.
C) continental movement affects atmospheric circulation patterns. D) all of these.
Q3) How are zones of rocks that are deposited during equivalent time intervals constructed using fossil assemblages?
Q4) Why is it necessary to employ lithologic and fossil correlation to establish a relative sequence of geologic time?
Q5) The most accurate radiometric dates are obtained from ____________________ rocks.Only in very unusual circumstances can ____________________ rocks be radiometrically dated.
Q6) If the dating technique is used correctly,how reliable are the radiometric dates derived from individual layers of stalagmites using ratios of uranium 234 to thorium 230?
Q7) What is the principle of uniformitarianism? Why does the principle of uniformitarianism lead to the conclusion that Earth's age is great?
Q8) What fact makes radiocarbon dating possible?
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Chapter 18: Organic Evolution The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence
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Q1) What is phyletic gradualism?
Q2) The Lysenko affair shows the absurdity of basing scientific theories on philosophic or political beliefs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Briefly state the factors that entered into the modern view or modern synthesis of the concept of evolution by natural selection.
Q4) The process in which changes occur in genes passed from one generation to another is called ____________________.
Q5) According to the concept of ____________________,an ancestral species changes gradually and continuously and grades imperceptibly into a descent species.
Q6) Describe the DNA molecule.
Q7) The type of cell division in which resulting cells contain one chromosome from each pair is called ____________________.
Q8) The controlling factor in variation in organisms is based on the presence or absence of genes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Precambrian Earth and Life History
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Q1) What are the two main rock types that characterize Archean shield areas?
Q2) What factor(s)led to the enormous scale of banded iron deposition during the Proterozoic?
A) abundance of dissolved iron in seawater
B) increase in photosynthesizing bacteria
C) chemical affinity of iron to combine with available oxygen
D) all of these
E) none of these
Q3) The process by which gases within Earth are emitted and eventually accumulate into an atmosphere is called ____________________.
Q4) What two processes,which began during the Archean,can account for the introduction of free oxygen into the atmosphere?
Q5) The rapid rate of plate motion was probably the most important factor in rapid continental growth in the Late Archean.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How does photochemical dissociation of water vapor occur?
Q7) What is symbiosis?
Q8) What are heterotrophic organisms?
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Chapter 20: Paleozoic Earth History
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Q1) What is the name of the first major transgression onto the North American craton,and when did it begin?
Q2) The first major transgression onto the North American continent is recorded in rocks of the ____________________ sequence.
Q3) By the (Early/Middle/Late)____________________ Cambrian,most of North America was covered by epeiric seas with the exception of a highland known as the ____________________.
Q4) How long has the Colorado Plateau been uplifting?
A) 1 billion years
B) 300 million years
C) 30 million years
D) 3 million years
E) 300,000
Q5) The early transgressing seas of both the Tippecanoe and Kaskaskia sequences are marked by deposition of what sedimentary rock type?
Q6) How did the extensive layers of dolostones form?
Q7) The presumed causes for transgressions and regressions of shallow seas during the Paleozoic were ____________________ and ____________________.
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Chapter 21: Paleozoic Life History
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Q1) Briefly discuss how the evolution of jawed fishes and other predatory creatures affected the marine ecosystem.
Q2) What is the age of the Burgess Shale? What is its significance,and why did this unique preservation occur?
Q3) Organisms that live in the marine ecosystem above the seafloor are called ____________________.
Q4) Animals with rigid skeletons appeared abruptly in the fossil record at the beginning of the Paleozoic.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Three examples of phytoplankton are ____________________,____________________,and ____________________.
Q6) The development of ____________________ increased the diversity of foods that fish could consume,including ____________________.
Q7) The Permian extinction may have been caused by the interrelated consequences of the amalgamation of Pangaea and global climate change.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Mesozoic Earth and Life History
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Q1) How distinct were Mesozoic mammals from their reptile neighbors?
Q2) How did ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs differ?
A) Ichthyosaurs were able to travel onto the land.
B) Ichthyosaur females probably gave birth to live young.
C) Plesiosaur females probably gave birth to live young.
D) Plesiosaurs were adapted only to the aquatic environment.
E) Ichthyosaurs ate fish and plesiosaurs did not.
Q3) The three phases of the Cordilleran orogeny in order from oldest to youngest were the ____________________,____________________,and
Q4) Describe why there are such massive petroleum deposits in the Persian Gulf region.
Q5) The effect of the meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous is thought to have been ____.
A) great input of particulate matter into the atmosphere
B) blocking of the incoming solar radiation
C) cessation of photosynthesis
D) collapse of the food chains
E) all of these
Q6) The ____________________ were characterized by a thickened dome-shaped skull.
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Chapter 23: Cenozoic Earth and Life History
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Q1) The age of oceanic crust in the Pacific is asymmetric because
A) much of the crust in the eastern Pacific has been subducted.
B) spreading is faster on the east side of the ridge than on the west side.
C) the eastern Pacific collided with the Americas to form mountain ranges.
D) volcanism on the west side of the ridge has made the crust larger.
E) all of these.
Q2) Because of the large amount of weight in a glacial mass,the crust of Earth may ____.
A) not be affected at all
B) rebound or uplift
C) subside
D) collapse into the mantle
E) melt
Q3) How and when did the land that is the present state of Florida originate?
Q4) What can eastern North America during the Cenozoic be described as?
A) an active orogenic belt
B) an area of uplift and erosion
C) an active volcanic region
D) a flat eroded plain
E) a major marine basin
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Chapter 24: Geology in Perspective
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Q1) Ask the students: Has learning the scientific basis of many issues caused you to change your mind or formulate an opinion on a topic? For example,do you now have a better sense about issues such as evolution,global warming,ozone depletion,etc.?
Q2) What will the effects of an additional 3 billion people by the end of the 21st century be on environmental issues? How will these people secure the things that they need?
Q3) What activities do humans engage in that make them geologic agents,and how effective are human activities at being geologic agents?
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