Physical Geology
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Physical Geology is an introductory course that explores the fundamental processes and materials that shape the Earths surface and interior. Students will examine topics such as the formation and identification of rocks and minerals, plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, weathering, erosion, and the dynamic forces that have created and continually modify landscapes. Emphasizing both theoretical concepts and practical applications, the course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Earths physical systems and their impact on human society and the natural environment.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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29 Chapters
1328 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a possible stage in a star's life and collapse?
A)protostar
B)supernova
C)gas giant
D)black hole
Answer: C
Q2) In 2006,the International Astronomical Union produced a major announcement concerning Pluto.What was it?
A)Liquid water has been found on Pluto's surface.
B)Pluto has a moon named Charon that is nearly as large as Pluto itself.
C)Pluto has been officially demoted from its former status as one of nine major planets in our Solar System.
D)Chemical signatures in rocks recovered from Pluto by NASA suggest that it may have once hosted life.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is most representative of Earth's hydrosphere?
A)lakes and rivers only
B)surficial freshwater,oceans,groundwater,and atmospheric water
C)a layer of hydrogen gas in the outer reaches of the atmosphere
D)oceans,but not rivers or lakes
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true about comets and asteroids?
A)Comets are icy while asteroids are rocky.
B)Both are planetesimals.
C)Both are numerous in our Solar System.
D)Both originate in the Kuiper belt.
Answer: D
Q3) Earth's magnetic field is generated by the ________.
A)flow of the liquid inner core
B)flow of the liquid outer core
C)convective flow of the mantle
D)magnetic minerals within the crust
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which mineral is integral to paleomagnestim?
A)magnetite
B)iron
C)quartz
D)potassium feldspar
Answer: A
Q2) Where Earth's magnetic dipole intersects with the surface of the planet is called the
A)magnetic inclination
B)geographic pole
C)magnetic dipole
D)magnetic pole
Answer: D
Q3) The oldest basalts on the ocean floor are about ________ years old.
A)50 thousand
B)4 billion
C)200 million
D)2.5 million
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hot spots can occur ________.
A)only within continental plates
B)only within oceanic plates
C)within either continental or oceanic plates
D)only when the thickness of the crust is less than 10 km
Q2) Unlike the lithosphere,the asthenosphere ________.
A)is able to flow over long periods of time
B)has a density similar to the core
C)varies in thickness from place to place
D)is relatively cool
Q3) At transform plate boundaries,________.
A)earthquakes are common but volcanoes are absent
B)volcanoes are common but earthquakes do not occur
C)both earthquakes and volcanoes are common
D)neither earthquakes nor volcanoes are common
Q4) Deformed (bent,stretched,or cracked)lithosphere occurs ________.
A)randomly over the surface of Earth
B)primarily within the interiors of tectonic plates
C)primarily on the margins of tectonic plates
D)primarily at hot spots
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using ________.
A)magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B)X-ray diffraction
C)a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
D)cathodized axial tomography (CAT)
Q2) The diamonds we typically see today in engagement rings do not display their natural crystal faces but rather ________,which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.
A)striations
B)facets
C)cleavage planes
D)facades
Q3) The most recently formed portion of any crystal is always found ________.
A)deep within the interior
B)on the outer edges
C)on whichever side is currently facing upward
D)There is no consistent pattern for crystal formation.
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the volatile content of magma is increased,its viscosity will ________.
A)increase
B)decrease
C)stay the same
D)Volatile content has no effect on viscosity.
Q2) Stoping by magmas occurs when ________.
A)pieces of surrounding country rock are broken off and assimilated
B)the magma stops flowing and starts to solidify
C)the magma becomes fully solidified to form intrusive rock
D)the magma alters a thin rind of surrounding country rock
Q3) Very early in Earth's history (during the Hadean Eon),the Earth ________.
A)was very cold,so no igneous rocks had yet formed
B)was so hot that it was,at times,completely molten
C)was entirely composed of loose material called regolith
D)had a similar diversity in rock types as seen today
Q4) In general,when rock is partially melted,the chemistry of the melt is ________.
A)more mafic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
B)more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
C)identical to the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted
D)completely unpredictable (it could be more mafic or more felsic)
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Precipitation of gypsum due to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock?
A)biochemical
B)chemical
C)clastic
D)organic
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true in regard to biochemical chert?
A)It is bedded (layered).
B)It is made up of the skeletons of radiolaria and foraminifera.
C)It typically exhibits conchoidal fracture.
D)It is composed of the minerals calcite and dolomite.
Q3) Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis of ________.
A)grain size
B)degree of sorting
C)angularity
D)mineral composition
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is ________.
A)always identical to that found within its protolith
B)dependent only on the mineral assemblage of its protolith
C)dependent only on the temperature and pressure of formation
D)dependent on both the mineral content of its protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation
Q2) Spreading peanut butter on bread is an application of ________.
A)normal stress
B)pressure
C)shear stress
D)metasomatism
Q3) Which of the following processes CANNOT occur in the formation of metamorphic rock?
A)the realignment of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientation
B)the segregation of minerals into layers of different compositions
C)the solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of minerals
D)complete remelting of the rock,followed by solidification to form a new rock
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientists monitor volcanoes to help predict when eruptions will occur.Which of the following is NOT a potential sign to look for when predicting volcanic eruptions?
A)changes in earthquake activity
B)changes in Earth's magnetic field
C)small changes in the shape of the volcano
D)increases in gas and steam emissions
Q2) As compared to subaerial basaltic lavas,submarine basaltic lavas differ in that they
A)produce violent pyroclastic debris flows
B)produce large crystals of pyroxene and plagioclase
C)form pillow-like mounds because they cannot flow as far from their source
D)form long but irregular sheets of a'a'
Q3) The difference between tephra and tuff is that ________.
A)tephra is created in ash falls,whereas tuff is created in pyroclastic flows
B)tephra is unlithified,whereas tuff is lithified
C)tephra is always felsic to intermediate,whereas tuff is always mafic
D)tephra is formed at stratovolcanoes while tuffs are formed at cinder cones
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11
Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake?
A)the Richter scale
B)the Mercalli scale
C)the moment magnitude scale
D)the surface-wave magnitude scale
Q2) Which of the following statements is NOT true? Aftershocks after a major earthquake ________.
A)may continue for days,weeks,or years after the initial earthquake
B)are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake
C)may occur on the same fault as the original earthquake or a different fault
D)typically occur only on reverse faults in subduction zones as a result of high pressures
Q3) A primary force opposing motion on all faults is ________.
A)magnetic attraction among iron-rich minerals
B)gravity
C)friction
D)the van der Waals force
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Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Sample Questions
Q1) An episode of mountain building is termed a(n)________.
A)orogeny
B)phylogeny
C)aureole
D)slickenside
Q2) The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold ________.
A)limb
B)hinge
C)midsection
D)thorax
Q3) Which of these is NOT one of the components of deformation?
A)displacement
B)rotation
C)distortion
D)dissolution
Q4) How is stress different from force?
A)Force is the stress applied per unit area.
B)Stress is the force applied per unit area.
C)Force comes from one direction,while stress comes from all directions.
D)They are not different: stress and force are synonymous.
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Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity?
A)baked contacts
B)cross-cutting relationships
C)original horizontality
D)inclusions
Q2) Buried erosional surfaces between parallel sedimentary strata are termed ________.
A)disconformities
B)angular unconformities
C)nonconformities
D)marker beds
Q3) James Hutton,the "father of geology," put forth the principle of ________.
A)superposition
B)original continuity
C)original horizontality
D)uniformitarianism
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14
Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dinosaurs first appeared during the ________ Period.
A)Cambrian
B)Devonian
C)Permian
D)Triassic
Q2) The generally accepted scientific theory for the origin of our Moon involves
A)impact between Earth and a Mars-sized body during the Hadean
B)simultaneous formation of Earth and the Moon in neighboring parts of the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago
C)gravitational capture of the Moon by Earth during the Hadean
D)gravitational capture of Earth by the Moon during the Archean
Q3) A shield is ________.
A)a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks crop out
B)a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks are covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary strata
C)a region of compressed rock located behind a volcanic arc at a convergent continental margin
D)synonymous with "craton"
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the subsurface,natural gas ________.
A)consists of longer carbon chains as compared to oil
B)is denser than oil
C)is generated at higher temperatures than oil
D)is generated at higher temperatures than graphite
Q2) Most of the world's coal was deposited in coal swamps during the ________.
A)Cretaceous
B)Ordovician
C)Carboniferous
D)Jurassic
Q3) A buried body of rock that is induced by heat to exude oil is termed a ________.
A)reservoir rock
B)seal rock
C)source rock
D)trap rock
Q4) ________ is harnessed from the potential energy of water.
A)Hydroelectric power
B)Solar energy
C)Biofuel
D)Hydrologic energy
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stone extraction from the Earth's surface for building purposes occurs in ________.
A)stone mines
B)underground mines
C)quarries
D)sedimentary deposits
Q2) Stone used for buildings,chemicals in fertilizers,and sand used to make glass are all examples of mineral resources known as ________.
A)tailings
B)industrial minerals
C)clinker
D)slag
Q3) The ability of a metal to be bent,molded,and stretched is termed ________.
A)tempering
B)cold working
C)malleability
D)dexterity
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Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine you have just bought some property and notice that the trees on the slope have curved trunks.What type of landslide event do you likely have on your property?
A)solifluction
B)creep
C)slump
D)mudflow
Q2) For dry,fine-grained sediments,the angle of repose is typically between ________ and ________ degrees.
A)10;17
B)15;22
C)20;27
D)30;37
Q3) Which situation would most likely host a slope failure?
A)a dry slope composed of gravel with an angle of repose of 30°
B)a saturated slope composed of gravel with an angle of repose of 27°
C)a saturated slope composed of sand with an angle of repose of 35°
D)a saturated slope composed of sand with an angle of repose of 37°
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a 50-year flood occurs on the Mississippi River this year,what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in the following year?
A)zero
B)1%
C)2%
D)50%
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true? A 100-year flood ________.
A)has a 1% chance of occurring in any given year
B)is more destructive than a 50-year flood
C)cannot occur in successive years
D)is based on the average recurrence interval of past floods for a particular stream
Q3) In uniform sediments with a relatively constant and gentle slope at the surface,a ________ drainage network is expected.
A)dendritic
B)radial
C)rectangular
D)trellis
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) You are a coastal geologist trying to help a coastal community restore its sediment-starved beach.You decide that beach nourishment is the best option,so you order that dredge sediment from the nearest river be placed on the beach.The sediment is 70% silt and 30% sand.What will be the effect of using this sediment?
A)The silt will be washed away by the waves,leaving the beach no better off.
B)The sand will be washed away by the waves,but the silt will fix the problem.
C)All the sediment will remain on the beach and will fix the problem.
D)All the sediment will remain on the beach,but it will become muddy and filthy.
Q2) Bioturbation is the ________.
A)generation of turbidity currents by sea creatures
B)mixing of sediment by plankton
C)mixing of sediment by burrowing organisms
D)formation of biochemical sedimentary rocks
Q3) The form and topography (depth profile)of the ocean floor is termed ________.
A)orogeny
B)bathymetry
C)allocthony
D)aquitopography
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20
Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) Imagine you have a layer of limestone with high porosity but low permeability.What can you do to increase its permeability to allow water to be pumped from the layer and used as a source of drinking water?
A)Add acid to the layer to dissolve the rock and create connections between the pores.
B)Drill down to the layer and set off explosives in the hole to fracture the rock.
C)Remove the overburden so that there will be less pressure trapping the water.
D)Increase the hydraulic conductivity by adding metals to the water.
Q2) Material through which water readily flows is termed ________.
A)fluent
B)porous
C)permeable
D)fluid
Q3) Which list correctly orders the three types of subsurface water from shallowest to deepest?
A)groundwater,soil moisture,vadose zone water
B)soil moisture,groundwater,vadose zone water
C)groundwater,vadose zone water,soil moisture
D)soil moisture,vadose zone water,groundwater
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Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) The primary source of energy for a growing hurricane comes from ________.
A)warm ocean water
B)wind blowing off landmasses
C)wind blowing across the ocean
D)solar energy heating the tops of the clouds
Q2) Lines connecting points of equal temperature on a map are termed ________.
A)contour lines
B)isobars
C)isograds
D)isotherms
Q3) Atmospheric convection of heat radiated from Earth's surface and the variety of phenomena we call weather occur within which layer of the atmosphere?
A)the mesosphere
B)the stratosphere
C)the thermosphere
D)the troposphere
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) Deserts represent ________ of Earth's surface.
A)less than 5%
B)about 10%
C)about 25%
D)more than 50%
Q2) Coastal region deserts are most likely near ocean currents that are ________.
A)warm
B)cold
C)flowing east
D)flowing west
Q3) The Atacama Desert in Chile is a desert primarily because it is located ________.
A)in the subtropics
B)near the south pole
C)near the center of a large continent
D)next to a cold ocean current
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23
Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) An angular peak surrounded by three or more bowl-shaped depressions formed by a mountain glacier is termed a(n)________.
A)arête
B)cirque
C)horn
D)tarn
Q2) Stratified sorted sand and gravel are deposited by ________.
A)mountain glaciers
B)continental glaciers
C)glacial outwash streams
D)windstorms
Q3) The loss of rainforests would ________ the greenhouse gases,thereby ________ global warming.
A)increase;increasing B)increase;decreasing
C)decrease;increasing D)decrease;decreasing
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24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) A biogeochemical cycle refers to the ________.
A)long-term movement of biogeochemical minerals through the rock cycle
B)exchange of chemicals among magmatic and solid-phase systems
C)transitioning and the residence of specific chemicals among living and nonliving systems
D)exchange of chemicals between landmasses and the oceans
Q2) Which geologic event is NOT suspected as a source of major climate change and mass-extinction events?
A)the massive eruption of flood basalts
B)the eruption of supervolcanoes
C)the impact of asteroids
D)very large earthquakes
Q3) What is the difference between weather and climate?
A)Weather is a long-term cycle,whereas climate is a transient condition.
B)Weather is a transient condition,whereas climate is a long-term cycle.
C)Weather relates to precipitation,whereas climate relates to temperature.
D)The two terms are essentially interchangeable.
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) Granite is a type of rock that forms deep underground from magma that cools very slowly.What type of rock is granite?
A)clastic
B)igneous
C)sedimentary
D)metamorphic
Q2) Imagine you are holding a rock composed of small sand grains cemented together.What subclassification of sedimentary rock is this?
A)clastic
B)chemical
C)igneous
D)crystalline
Q3) What type of rock is formed during a volcanic eruption?
A)sedimentary
B)equant
C)metamorphic
D)igneous
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Which of the following does NOT affect soil thickness?
A)time
B)types of animals
C)climate
D)vegetation type
Q2) Which soil horizon contains weathered bedrock that has NOT yet undergone leaching?
A)O
B)C
C)E
D)B
Q3) Differential weathering occurs when ________.
A)none of the layers weather at all
B)layers of rock weather at the same rate
C)layers of rock weather at different rates
D)weathering occurs in the tropics
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) If a rock is uplifted and exposed,what is the likely next type of rock that will form?
A)igneous
B)crystalline
C)metamorphic
D)sedimentary
Q2) What is the progression of rock types if the steps of a process are as follows? melting and cooling erosion and deposition burial
A)sedimentary igneous metamorphic
B)igneous sedimentary metamorphic
C)igneous metamorphic metamorphic
D)metamorphic sedimentary igneous
Q3) What process transforms a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?
A)melting
B)burial
C)erosion
D)deposition
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28
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Q1) The time it takes for a seismic wave to travel from the focus to a seismometer is called the ________.
A)wave front time
B)P-S wave arrival distance
C)travel time
D)seismic ray time
Q2) If you measure the magnetization of an area of igneous rocks and find a large negative anomaly,what does that imply about the rocks?
A)They were formed during a time of normal polarity of the magnetic field.
B)They were formed during a time of reversed polarity of the magnetic field.
C)They were formed on the ocean floor where the rocks are closer to the core.
D)They were formed on the continental crust in a complex pattern of magnetization.
Q3) Earth's magnetic field is produced in the ________.
A)crust
B)mantle
C)outer core
D)inner core
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Page 29
Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) At least five of these have occurred in Earth's history,one of which occurred 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs.
A)mass extinction event
B)punctuated equilibrium
C)millennia-long drought
D)phylogenetic tree
Q2) Why is the preservation potential of feathers so low?
A)because birds usually die in dry environments
B)because feathers do not contain hard parts
C)because feathers are very small and thus are not well preserved
D)because birds die in forests,areas with high oxygen levels
Q3) When the last member of a species dies,this is called ________.
A)fossilization
B)natural selection
C)extinction
D)preservation
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Q1) If two valleys are carved out of the exact same type of rock and under the exact same climatic conditions,what would we expect an older valley to look like compared to a younger valley?
A)The older valley would have steep sides,the younger would have gentle sides.
B)The younger valley would have steep sides,the older would have gentle sides.
C)The older valley would contain many more depositional features than the younger.
D)The younger valley would contain many more depositional features than the older.
Q2) If an area experiences uplift it will form a ________;if it experiences subsidence it will form a ________.
A)depression;mountain
B)mountain;depression
C)valley;mesa
D)basin;mountain
Q3) What circumstance is likely to produce depositional landforms?
A)flash flooding of a river in the desert
B)a river flowing out of a lake
C)a river entering a large body of water
D)ocean waves crashing on the beach
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 31