
Course Introduction
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Course Introduction
Physical Geography is the scientific study of Earth's natural features and processes, including landforms, climate, soils, vegetation, and hydrology. This course explores the dynamic interactions between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, highlighting how these systems shape the physical environment. Students will examine topics such as weather patterns, natural disasters, ecosystems, and the impact of human activity on landscapes. Through lectures, fieldwork, and laboratory activities, participants will develop a foundational understanding of spatial patterns and natural phenomena that influence life on Earth.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Q1) In ancient Greece,Eratosthenes measured the difference in angles of the Sun's rays in two different locations in Egypt at the same time to calculate the ________.
A)rate of rotation of the Earth
B)distance from the Earth to the Moon
C)distance from Earth to the Sun
D)circumference of the Earth
Answer: D
Q2) A light year is a unit that measures ________.
A)time
B)mass
C)distance
D)luminous intensity
Answer: C
Q3) Chemically,the Moon is quite similar to ________.
A)a typical comet
B)Earth's crust
C)Earth's mantle
D)Earth's core
Answer: C
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Q1) Hot,liquid rock beneath Earth's surface is termed ________.
A)lava
B)magma
C)volatiles
D)mantle
Answer: B
Q2) In the whole Earth,the four most common elements (by mass)are oxygen,silicon,magnesium,and ________.
A)copper
B)lead
C)iron
D)zinc
Answer: C
Q3) Presently,Earth's atmosphere is dominated by which two gases?
A)hydrogen and helium
B)oxygen and carbon dioxide
C)nitrogen and oxygen
D)carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
Answer: C
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Q1) Wegener's evidence for a united Pangaea comes from the fossil record of which type of organisms?
A)plant pollen
B)plankton
C)marine animals
D)land animals
Answer: D
Q2) The oldest basalts on the ocean floor are about ________ years old.
A)50 thousand
B)4 billion
C)200 million
D)2.5 million
Answer: C
Q3) Which of these parts of the deep-ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless?
A)ridge axis
B)abyssal plain
C)guyot
D)trench
Answer: B
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Q1) Mid-ocean ridges are segmented and contain which two basic types of plate boundaries linked together?
A)divergent and convergent
B)convergent and transform
C)divergent and transform
D)conformal and transvergent
Q2) Deep-oceanic trenches are features of ________ plate boundaries.
A)divergent
B)convergent
C)transvergent
D)transform
Q3) The lithosphere of the Earth is generally thickest at and near ________ plate boundaries.
A)divergent
B)convergent
C)transvergent
D)transform
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Q1) Calcite (CaCO )is in which mineral class?
A)silicates
B)carbonates
C)oxides
D)sulfides
Q2) For the majority of minerals,the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is ________.
A)only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain
B)more variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals
C)not useful because the porcelain will often chemically react with the mineral D)always dark brown or black
Q3) The mineral class that makes up >95% of the continental crust is termed the ________.
A)silicates
B)carbonates
C)halides
D)oxides
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Q1) Most commonly,felsic igneous rocks ________.
A)contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks
B)are lighter in color than mafic rocks
C)are darker in color than mafic rocks
D)are found in oceanic crust
Q2) Ash and lava fragments that cascade down the sides of a volcano eventually settle and lithify to form an extrusive igneous rock called ________.
A)basalt
B)andesite
C)hyaloclastite
D)tuff
Q3) A volcano emits ash,which falls from the sky,settles in layers,and is eventually cemented.The resulting rock is termed ________.
A)pumice
B)granite
C)tuff
D)ignimbrite
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Q1) A well-sorted sandstone with asymmetric ripples was most likely deposited as sand by a ________.
A)river (far from source)
B)glacier
C)river (near source)
D)alluvial fan
Q2) Which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by very well-sorted,very well-rounded grains that are nearly pure quartz?
A)river
B)glacier
C)beach
D)alluvial fan
Q3) Chemical and biochemical rocks are classified primarily on the basis of ________.
A)grain size
B)degree of sorting
C)angularity
D)mineral composition
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Q1) Differential stress will cause crystals to align in a preferred orientation unless the crystals are ________.
A)primarily mica
B)platy
C)equant
D)elongate
Q2) ________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of marble.
A)Limestone
B)Sandstone
C)Shale
D)Gneiss
Q3) The mineral assemblage within metamorphic rock is ________.
A)always identical to that found within its protolith
B)dependent only on the mineral assemblage of its protolith
C)dependent only on the temperature and pressure of formation
D)dependent on both the mineral content of its protolith and the temperature and pressure of formation
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Q1) Pele's hair ________.
A)consists of thin strands of basaltic glass
B)acquires aerodynamic torpedo-like shapes during flight out of the volcanic vent
C)forms only at the leading edge of basaltic lava flows
D)forms when volcanic ash erupts into a rain cloud
Q2) In 1902,a famous,deadly pyroclastic flow killed thousands of people on the Caribbean island of ________.
A)Puerto Rico
B)Martinique
C)Aruba
D)Jamaica
Q3) Gases that are abundantly emitted by volcanoes include ________.
A)water vapor,carbon dioxide,and sulfur dioxide
B)oxygen,ozone,and water vapor
C)oxygen,hydrogen,and argon
D)carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide,and oxygen
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Q1) Which earthquake scale uses the amplitudes of several different waves,the amount of slip,and the dimensions of the slipped area on the fault and is therefore considered the most accurate magnitude scale?
A)the Richter scale
B)the Mercalli scale
C)the moment magnitude scale
D)the surface-wave magnitude scale
Q2) The point on Earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the ________.
A)hypocenter (focus)
B)epicenter
C)eye of the fault
D)vertex
Q3) Wet and unconsolidated substrates are uniquely susceptible to ________ during an earthquake.
A)displacement
B)collapse
C)liquefaction
D)faulting
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Q1) There are many ways in which uplift can occur,but all of them reflect ________.
A)compressional forces
B)the effects of weathering and erosion
C)subduction zone processes
D)the lithosphere's tendency to achieve isostasy
Q2) Normal faults assume a more shallow dip angle with depth;when the fault plane becomes nearly horizontal,these faults are termed ________.
A)thrusts
B)folds
C)detachments
D)fault scarps
Q3) How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?
A)A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior.
B)A rock deformed slowly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior.
C)The rate of deformation has no effect on a rock's behavior.
D)The rate of deformation is important only below the brittle/plastic transition.
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Q1) Can the age of Earth be reliably estimated from sediment thicknesses?
A)Yes: sedimentation rates remain constant at any one locality throughout Earth's history.
B)Yes: sedimentary rocks are rarely metamorphosed or melted.
C)No: sedimentary rocks make up only a small fraction of the rocks on Earth's surface.
D)No: much of Earth's history is represented by unconformities between strata rather than the strata themselves.
Q2) The closure temperature represents the point when ________.
A)a magma cools to the point where minerals begin to crystallize
B)radioactive isotopes begin to decay
C)isotopes are no longer free to move out of a crystal lattice
D)the last remaining magma crystallizes
Q3) If an igneous dike cuts across a sequence of sedimentary beds,________.
A)the beds must be older
B)the dike must be older
C)the beds and the dike must have formed at the same time
D)their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given
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Q1) The Cambrian explosion not only produced an abundance of new animal species but also gave rise to the first shells,spines,and active swimmers.This suggests the important influence of ________ in driving animal evolution.
A)photosynthetic organisms
B)climate
C)carnivorous predators
D)filter-feeding organisms
Q2) The small cells of bacteria lack nuclei and are termed ________.
A)prokinetic
B)prokaryotic
C)eukaryotic
D)analgesic
Q3) Humans belong to a lineage of mammals called the ________.
A)carnivores
B)primates
C)odd-toed ungulates
D)edentates
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Q1) Which sequence shows an increase in coal rank from lowest to highest?
A)anthracite,bituminous,lignite
B)lignite,bituminous,anthracite
C)bituminous,lignite,anthracite
D)bituminous,anthracite,lignite
Q2) Hydrocarbons consisting of short carbon chains are ________.
A)more volatile than hydrocarbons with longer chains
B)more viscous than hydrocarbons with longer chains
C)typically stable in a solid state at room temperatures
D)more prone to tangling and bonding with each other
Q3) Chemically,oil and gas are both ________.
A)pure forms of carbon
B)carbohydrates
C)hydrocarbons
D)carbonate minerals
Q4) A resource is considered renewable if ________.
A)it is used at rates greater than it is naturally replaced
B)nature can replace it within a short time span relative to human life
C)nature can replace it within hundreds or thousands of years
D)nature can replace it within a million years
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Q1) The most important ores of iron are iron ________.
A)sulfides
B)oxides
C)carbonates
D)phosphates
Q2) Which of the following is an alloy?
A)gold
B)silver
C)bronze
D)copper
Q3) Which property of magmatic ore deposits causes them to be concentrated in igneous bodies?
A)low temperatures of crystallization
B)iron concentration
C)low density
D)high density
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Q1) The principal difference between a slump and a debris slide is ________.
A)the shape of the path taken by the moving mass
B)the grain size of the moving mass
C)that a slump contains abundant water,whereas a debris slide is dry
D)that a slump contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption
Q2) How can you use a landslide hazard map to help buy a piece of property?
A)to determine if there are large rivers running by the property
B)to determine if the property is in a high-risk zone for landslides
C)to determine if the property is near a high-risk flood zone
D)to determine if the property has been exposed to fires recently
Q3) ________ occurs when debris or snow mixes with air to form a chaotic cloud.
A)An avalanche
B)A slump
C)Creep
D)Solifluction
Q4) Which situation would most likely host a slope failure?
A)a dry slope composed of gravel with an angle of repose of 30°
B)a saturated slope composed of gravel with an angle of repose of 27°
C)a saturated slope composed of sand with an angle of repose of 35°
D)a saturated slope composed of sand with an angle of repose of 37°
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Q1) Meandering streams ________.
A)consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment
B)have flowing water either episodically or during only a portion of the year
C)have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy)
D)are those that divert flow from streams they have intersected through stream erosion
Q2) The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the ________.
A)base level
B)floodplain
C)stream gradient
D)thalweg
Q3) If a 50-year flood occurs on the Mississippi River this year,what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in the following year?
A)zero
B)1%
C)2%
D)50%
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Q1) The form and topography (depth profile)of the ocean floor is termed ________.
A)orogeny
B)bathymetry
C)allocthony
D)aquitopography
Q2) The shallowest portions of an ocean found along the margins of continents are the ________.
A)abyssal plains
B)continental rises
C)continental shelves
D)continental slopes
Q3) Because of wave refraction,erosion along an irregular coastline is ________.
A)even along the length of the coast
B)greatest along headlands
C)greatest in bays
D)the same as it would be along a regular coastline
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Q1) The elevation of the water table ________.
A)is a constant for a given area so long as the topography remains the same
B)may rise during times of drought and sink during rainy periods
C)may rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts
D)is completely unpredictable
Q2) An aquifer can have ________ porosity and ________ permeability but not ________ porosity and ________ permeability.
A)low;high;high;no
B)high;no;low;high
C)no;no;high;high
D)high;no;no;no
Q3) Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed a
A)valley and ridge province
B)karst landscape
C)horst and graben landscape
D)speleothem formation
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Q1) Lightning results from ________.
A)an imbalance between electrical charges
B)the crystallization of ice particles in a supercell
C)unusually strong downdrafts
D)adiabatic cooling of warm,moist air
Q2) Most atmospheric ozone occurs in which layer of Earth's atmosphere?
A)the mesosphere
B)the stratosphere
C)the thermosphere
D)the troposphere
Q3) At high altitudes within the troposphere,the global pattern of airflow is from the ________.
A)equator to the horse latitudes
B)poles to the horse latitudes
C)equator to the doldrums
D)doldrums to the equator
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Q1) Talus aprons represent accumulations of ________.
A)angular debris at the base of a hill
B)lag deposits
C)coarse sediment in a deflation basin
D)loess at the edge of a desert
Q2) Areas with relatively scarce sand and constantly shifting winds will develop ________ dunes.
A)star
B)barchans
C)parabolic
D)longitudinal
Q3) Vegetation in the desert consists of ________.
A)cacti only
B)extensive grasslands with water-seeking deep roots
C)scattered,scrub-like plants as succulents,such as cacti,with adaptations to obtain and retain as much water as they can
D)forests of tall,broad-leafed trees
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Q1) The Carboniferous Period was a time when swamps and forests dominated Earth.What was the climate like during this period?
A)humid and hot
B)humid and cold
C)dry and hot
D)dry and cold
Q2) Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter ________,whereas valleys carved by water tend to be shaped like the letter ________.
A)V;U
B)V;C
C)U;V
D)V;I
Q3) An important long-term factor that determines whether glacial ice will form on a continent has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere?
A)oxygen
B)nitrogen
C)carbon dioxide
D)carbon monoxide
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Q1) The hole in the ozone layer has been brought about by anthropogenic emissions of
A)carbon dioxide
B)methane
C)chlorofluorocarbons
D)water vapor
Q2) During most of the Mesozoic Era,Earth was ________.
A)about as warm as present
B)cooler than present
C)warmer than present
D)experiencing wild temperature fluctuations
Q3) Which of the following processes releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
A)photosynthesis
B)the weathering of silicate rocks
C)volcanism
D)the burial of organic matter
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Q1) Igneous rocks form from ________.
A)heat and pressure applied to a rock
B)precipitation of minerals out of a solution
C)sediments cemented together
D)molten rock cooling and forming crystals
Q2) How does a metamorphic rock form?
A)Melt a rock to form molten material.
B)Subject a rock to high heat and pressure.
C)Break down a rock and then cement the pieces.
D)Cool a melted rock so quickly that no crystals form.
Q3) What type of rock is formed during a volcanic eruption?
A)sedimentary
B)equant
C)metamorphic
D)igneous
Q4) Which is a characteristic used to classify a rock?
A)mineral stability
B)rock texture
C)water content
D)degree of weathering
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Q1) The zone of leaching is the area in which ________.
A)weathered bedrock forms a soil horizon
B)organic matter gathers to create a soil horizon
C)minerals are precipitated and added to soil
D)minerals are dissolved and removed from soil
Q2) Hydration occurs when ________.
A)minerals are dissolved into water
B)minerals are turned into rust
C)minerals absorb water and expand
D)minerals are removed by frost
Q3) What type of weathering are you likely to find occurring in areas with cold climates?
A)hydrolysis
B)frost wedging
C)salt wedging
D)dissolution
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Q1) Why is the rock cycle important?
A)because it describes how water and rocks interact within the Earth to produce melt
B)because it describes how rocks move throughout the Earth's ocean basins
C)because it explains how long rocks have existed on this planet
D)because it explains how rocks are constantly changing from one type to another
Q2) What is the rock cycle?
A)the cycle that rocks go through when interacting with water
B)the transformation of one mineral type to another
C)the transformation of one rock type to another
D)the cycle that rocks undergo when interacting with air
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the three major rock groups?
A)igneous
B)crystalline
C)sedimentary
D)metamorphic
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Q1) A positive magnetic anomaly is produced when the measured magnetic field strength is ________ the expected magnetic field strength.
A)greater than B)less than C)the same as D)the opposite of
Q2) Why would the gravity anomaly over a deep-ocean trench be negative?
A)because the bathymetry of the trench dips very far below sea level
B)because the crust being pulled into the trench is less dense than sediments above
C)because water fills the space above the subducting slab and is much less dense than rock
D)because the buoyant magma created at the subduction zones is less dense than the rock
Q3) What causes the velocity of a P-wave to speed up when it enters the inner core?
A)The inner core is a much more dense material than the outer core.
B)The inner core is a much less dense material than the outer core.
C)The inner core is liquid,and thus the wave speeds up.
D)The P-wave no longer has to compete with the S-wave for energy.
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Q1) Why do plants generally become carbonized impressions if they are preserved as fossils?
A)because chemical reactions leave behind only the carbon
B)because they are often decayed away before fossilization
C)because they are easily moved by winds and water
D)because they are generally scavenged by animals
Q2) Which of the following circumstances is likely to preserve a fossil?
A)Leaves from an ancient oak tree fall to the ground in a forest.
B)A mammoth dies from starvation in the middle of a vast dry plain.
C)A ground sloth walks along the edge of a river in the wet mud.
D)Bacteria living in the ocean die near the shoreline and sink to the bottom.
Q3) If a mastodon dies while walking along a river,what needs to happen in order to fossilize the body?
A)A drought must occur so that sediment can be blown over the body.
B)A flood must occur so that sediment can wash over the body.
C)No changes are necessary;it will be preserved just by being near a river.
D)The body must be carried away by scavengers to another location.
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Q1) If an area experiences uplift it will form a ________;if it experiences subsidence it will form a ________.
A)depression;mountain
B)mountain;depression
C)valley;mesa
D)basin;mountain
Q2) Water can remain in the ground as groundwater for up to 10,000 years.This is called the ________.
A)aquifer storage
B)groundwater flow rate
C)residence time
D)transfer time
Q3) The Sierra Nevada Mountains in California are composed almost entirely of granite;what do you expect the landscape to look like?
A)steep peaks and cliffs
B)gentle hills and valleys
C)large expanses of flatlands
D)open floodplains
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