Physical Geography
Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Physical Geography explores the dynamic processes and natural features that shape the Earth's surface, including landforms, climate, vegetation, soils, and hydrology. This course examines the interactions between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, emphasizing how these systems influence the environment and human societies. Through the study of maps, field observations, and geographic tools, students gain an understanding of how natural forces such as weather patterns, plate tectonics, and erosion contribute to the physical landscape. The course also addresses the impact of human activity on natural environments and fosters a comprehensive appreciation of Earths diversity and complexity.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Q1) Volatile materials can exist as a gas at Earth's surface.Which of the following is NOT a volatile material?
A)water
B)silicon
C)hydrogen
D)carbon dioxide
Answer: B
Q2) In the heliocentric model ________.
A)Earth orbits around the Sun
B)the Sun orbits around Earth
C)Earth is a stationary planet
D)Mercury and Venus orbit around the Sun,but all other planets orbit around Earth
Answer: A
Q3) The Jovian planets are ________.
A)Mars,Mercury,and Venus
B)Mars,Venus,and Jupiter
C)Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,and Neptune
D)Mars and Saturn
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Q1) If you were measuring the elevation of a mountain,you would be measuring variation in ________,whereas if you were doing the same on a mid-ocean ridge,you would be measuring variation in ________.
A)bathymetry;topography
B)bathymetry;isostasy
C)topography;isostasy
D)topography;bathymetry
Answer: D
Q2) Glass is different from a mineral because it ________.
A)is not naturally occurring
B)is not a solid
C)does not have atoms arranged in an orderly pattern
D)contains carbon and is therefore organic
Answer: C
Q3) The shape of Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a ________.
A)monopole,as would be produced by just one pole of a magnet
B)dipole,such as that produced by a bar magnet
C)torus,a doughnut-shaped ring parallel to Earth's equator
D)sphere,following the shape of Earth
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Q1) Earth's magnetic reversals are likely due to ________.
A)meteorite impacts
B)lightning strikes
C)tectonic plates shifting
D)changes in circulation patterns in the inner core
Answer: C
Q2) Wegener's idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because ________.
A)his English was too poor to be understood by them
B)he could not conceive of a valid mechanism that would cause continents to shift positions
C)he had relatively little evidence supporting the existence of a supercontinent
D)the apparent fit of continental coastlines is blurred when the margins are defined by the edges of continental shelves rather than sea level
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) Deformed (bent,stretched,or cracked)lithosphere occurs ________.
A)randomly over the surface of Earth
B)primarily within the interiors of tectonic plates
C)primarily on the margins of tectonic plates
D)primarily at hot spots
Q2) Subduction zones are found at which basic plate boundary type?
A)divergent
B)convergent
C)transvergent
D)transform
Q3) Large,thick-crusted,nonvolcanic mountain belts,like the Himalayas,are associated with ________.
A)mid-ocean ridges
B)hot spots
C)subduction zones
D)continent-continent collisions
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Q1) Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on a basis of ________.
A)chemistry,specifically the cations within the chemical formula
B)chemistry,specifically the anions within the chemical formula
C)hardness;hard,soft,and medium are the three primary classes
D)the number of cleavage directions present
Q2) Calcite (CaCO )is in which mineral class?
A)silicates
B)carbonates
C)oxides
D)sulfides
Q3) The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed ________.
A)color
B)specific gravity
C)luster
D)streak
Q4) Which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt?
A)gypsum
B)feldspar
C)halite
D)quartz
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) Bowen's continuous reaction series describes the crystallization behavior of which single mineral (with variable chemical composition)?
A)olivine
B)plagioclase
C)pyroxene
D)quartz
Q2) All other factors being equal,intrusive rocks that form deep within Earth ________ than intrusive rocks that cool near the surface.
A)are more felsic
B)contain a smaller proportion of volatiles
C)cool more slowly
D)are less dense
Q3) All other factors being equal (i.e.,depth,volume,temperature,etc.),which type of igneous intrusion would cool fastest?
A)pluton
B)dike
C)batholith
D)All intrusions cool at the same rate.
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8
Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true about regressions?
A)They are not typically well preserved in the sedimentary record.
B)They can occur when the climate warms and continental ice sheets melt.
C)They occur when the land is uplifted by tectonic processes.
D)Coastal environments will migrate seaward.
Q2) Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis of ________.
A)grain size
B)degree of sorting
C)angularity
D)mineral composition
Q3) It is unusual for ________ to carry grains larger than sand.
A)ice in glaciers
B)water in rivers
C)wind
D)water at a seaside beach
Q4) Biochemical limestones are dominated by carbonate mud and fragments of
A)siliceous shells of planktonic diatoms and foraminifera
B)skeletons of marine invertebrates made of calcite and aragonite
C)the phosphatic bones of fish
D)the organic breakdown products of wood and leaves from trees
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Q1) Clay minerals within a buried body of slate are recrystallized at high temperatures and pressures to form mica,producing a rock called phyllite.This is an example of
A)diagenesis
B)erosion
C)metamorphism
D)weathering
Q2) ________ commonly serves as a protolith in the formation of quartzite.
A)Limestone
B)Sandstone
C)Shale
D)Slate
Q3) A protolith subjected to metamorphism ________.
A)is always metamorphic rock
B)is always igneous rock
C)is always sedimentary rock
D)may belong to any of the three primary rock types
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) Pillow lavas are associated with ________.
A)subaerial rhyolitic eruptions
B)subaerial basaltic eruptions
C)submarine rhyolitic eruptions
D)submarine basaltic eruptions
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true? Phreatic eruptions ________.
A)can be so explosive that a significant portion of the volcano can be destroyed
B)occur when groundwater or seawater enters the magma chamber
C)occur due to fractional crystallization of the magma chamber
D)produce little to no lava at the surface
Q3) In 1902,a famous,deadly pyroclastic flow killed thousands of people on the Caribbean island of ________.
A)Puerto Rico
B)Martinique
C)Aruba
D)Jamaica
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Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Q1) Generally,which type of earthquake waves travel with the slowest velocity?
A)S-waves
B)P-waves
C)surface waves
D)All earthquake waves travel at the same speed.
Q2) If an earthquake's magnitude is measured based on the Richter scale,how is this abbreviated?
A)ML
B)MS
C)mb
D)MR
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the long-term forecasting of earthquakes? Long-term forecasting ________.
A)is based on past earthquake activity
B)works on the principle that zones of past seismicity will be active in the future
C)includes the notion of seismic gaps-places where an earthquake is overdue
D)is not possible
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12
Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo ________.
A)shortening
B)stretching
C)shear strain
D)rotation
Q2) How is stress different from strain?
A)Strain is a measure of the total displacement on a fault.
B)Stress is the change in shape of a rock due to applied strain.
C)Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress.
D)They are not different: stress and strain are synonymous.
Q3) The distinction between joints and faults is that ________.
A)faults are joints that are greater than one square meter in areal extent
B)faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred;displacement does not occur along joints
C)joints are fractures along which displacement has occurred;displacement does not occur along faults
D)there is no distinction;the two terms are synonymous
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Q1) In the area immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion,a host limestone is locally metamorphosed to produce marble.Which of the following statements is correct?
A)The intrusive igneous rock must be older than the limestone.
B)The limestone must be older than the marble.
C)The marble must be older than the intrusive rock.
D)The relative ages of the three units cannot be determined with the information given.
Q2) Seasonal changes create layering in glaciers known as ________.
A)growth banding
B)rhythmic layering
C)seasonal layering
D)annual banding
Q3) A radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock measures the amount of time that has passed since the ________.
A)atoms within the crystal were part of a body of molten magma
B)crystal solidified
C)temperature of the crystal became equal to the Curie point for the mineral
D)temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral
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Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Q1) How have climates changed over time?
A)Regions on the continents that are experiencing warm climates today have generally experienced colder climates in the past,and vice versa.
B)Regions on the continents that are experiencing warm climates today generally experienced even warmer climates in the past,and vice versa.
C)Most continents have experienced consistently cold climates from the past to the present.
D)Most continents have experienced consistently warm climates from the past to the present.
Q2) Geographically,a shield and surrounding platform together are ________.
A)a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks crop out
B)a low-lying region where Precambrian rocks are covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary strata
C)a region of compressed rock located behind a volcanic arc at a convergent continental margin
D)synonymous with "craton"
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Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Q1) Hydrocarbons are chain-like or ring-like molecules made of carbon and ________ atoms.
A)helium
B)oxygen
C)water
D)hydrogen
Q2) Which of the following lists contains only fossil fuels?
A)coal,oil,natural gas
B)coal,geothermal,wind
C)coal,wood,natural gas
D)hydroelectric,geothermal,wind
Q3) Matter that stores energy in a usable and transportable form is termed ________.
A)antimatter
B)fuel
C)phlogiston
D)erg
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Q1) Waste rock left over after a mine has removed the ore is known as ________.
A)tailings
B)adits
C)ingots
D)slag
Q2) Stone extraction from the Earth's surface for building purposes occurs in ________.
A)stone mines
B)underground mines
C)quarries
D)sedimentary deposits
Q3) A drawback to mining sulfides is the risk of ________.
A)underground fires
B)tunnel collapse
C)rock bursts
D)acid mine runoff
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17
Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Q1) Which of the following situations would be the least susceptible to slope failure?
A)a gently sloping hill in a dry desert region
B)a gently sloping hill with a river at the bottom of the hill
C)a steeply sloping hill overlooking the ocean
D)a steeply sloping hill in a dry desert region
Q2) Which areas are most susceptible to slope failure?
A)saturated vertical road cuts
B)slopes at 30° next to rivers
C)saturated and vegetated slopes
D)unsaturated vertical road cuts
Q3) The principal difference between a debris flow and a mudflow is ________.
A)the shape of the path taken by the moving mass
B)the grain size of the moving mass
C)that a debris flow contains abundant water,whereas a mudflow is dry
D)that a debris flow contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption
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Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Q1) The shape of a delta is primarily determined by ________.
A)the shape of the river channel near the mouth
B)the average grain size of the suspended and bed loads
C)whether river currents,wave-driven currents,or tidal currents are locally predominant
D)the type of rock that is weathering at the outcrop near the headwaters of the river
Q2) In a region characterized by a parallel series of ridges and valleys,a ________ drainage network is expected.
A)dendritic
B)radial
C)rectangular
D)trellis
Q3) All else being equal,water will flow faster in a stream with ________ and a ________ wetted perimeter.
A)well-developed meanders;small
B)well-developed meanders;large
C)a straight channel;small
D)a straight channel;large
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) When the sea level rises,an ocean may invade a river valley,producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)________.
A)atoll
B)lagoon
C)estuary
D)jetty
Q2) The entire state of Florida is composed of fossiliferous limestone,what does this imply about Florida during the recent past?
A)It was covered with caves.
B)It was a submergent coast.
C)It was an emergent coast.
D)It was in the mountains.
Q3) Compared with the continental crust,the oceanic crust is ________.
A)denser
B)less dense
C)about the same density
D)about half as dense
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Page 20
Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) You have a choice to drill your water well into a more shallow unconfined aquifer or a deeper artesian aquifer.Drilling deeper will cost more money,however you chose to drill into the artesian aquifer.Why?
A)The artesian aquifer will have a higher permeability.
B)The artesian aquifer will not be subject to overpumping.
C)The artesian aquifer will flow on its own,without a pump.
D)The artesian aquifer will contain more water for your use.
Q2) Why does an artesian well flow without pumping?
A)The water table is at the surface in an artesian aquifer.
B)The hydraulic head is very low in the aquifer.
C)The water in an unconfined aquifer is pressurized.
D)The water in a confined aquifer is pressurized.
Q3) As a rule,groundwater always flows from areas of ________.
A)greater elevation to those of lesser elevation
B)greater water pressure to those of lesser water pressure
C)greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head
D)lower hydraulic head to those of greater hydraulic head
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21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) Which two gases are most abundant within Earth's modern atmosphere?
A)nitrogen and oxygen
B)hydrogen and helium
C)carbon dioxide and methane
D)water vapor and sulfur dioxide
Q2) At high altitudes within the troposphere,the global pattern of airflow is from the
A)equator to the horse latitudes
B)poles to the horse latitudes
C)equator to the doldrums
D)doldrums to the equator
Q3) Lines connecting points of equal temperature on a map are termed ________.
A)contour lines
B)isobars
C)isograds
D)isotherms
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) During heavy rainstorms,rates of physical weathering and erosion are ________.
A)greater in humid climates than in deserts because dry desert soils soak up all the available moisture
B)greater in deserts than in humid climates because soil tends to be more easily eroded in deserts than in humid regions
C)greater in humid climates than in deserts because vegetation tends to break up the soil
D)about equally fast in both deserts and humid climates
Q2) The geometry of sand dunes is NOT strongly influenced by the ________.
A)strength of the wind
B)consistency of wind direction
C)abundance of sand
D)timing of the monsoon season
Q3) A salt-encrusted muddy tidal flat is known as a ________.
A)wadi
B)pediment
C)sabkha
D)bajada
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Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) A(n)________ in eustatic sea level is ultimately the result of a ________ event.
A)increase;global cooling
B)increase;local uplift
C)decrease;subsidence
D)decrease;global cooling
Q2) There have been ________ to ________ ice ages in Earth's history,with the latest one occurring in the ________.
A)four;five;Pleistocene Period
B)five;six;Pleistocene Period
C)four;five;Proterozoic Era
D)five;six;Cenozoic Era
Q3) The Carboniferous Period was a time when swamps and forests dominated Earth.What was the climate like during this period?
A)humid and hot
B)humid and cold
C)dry and hot
D)dry and cold
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24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) How are carbon dioxide (CO )levels in the atmosphere affected by tectonic uplift of rocks and their resultant chemical weathering?
A)CO is removed from the atmosphere.
B)CO is added to the atmosphere.
C)CO is removed from the atmosphere by uplift,but returned to the atmosphere by chemical weathering.
D)They have no net effect on CO .
Q2) Milankovitch cycles describe variation in Earth's ________.
A)sea level
B)orbit and tilt
C)atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
D)cosmic-ray flux
Q3) Cycles of sea level rise and fall often create sandstone at the base,grade up into coal,and are called ________.
A)geotherms
B)sedithems
C)bathycycles
D)cyclothems
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25
Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) How would you tell if a rock is crystalline?
A)It contains crystals that have been cemented together.
B)It does not contain crystals at all.
C)It contains interlocking crystals.
D)It contains all one type of crystal.
Q2) Why do geologists use thin sections of rocks?
A)to determine if the rock is molten
B)to identify foreign substances
C)to identify the minerals
D)to determine the arrangement of atoms
Q3) Geologists sometimes use analytical equipment to help identify rocks.One commonly used machine is the electron microprobe,which focuses a beam of electrons on a sample to determine ________.
A)the amount of radioactive minerals
B)how atoms are arranged
C)the atomic weight
D)the chemical composition
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Which soil horizon is the most important to farmers for planting crops?
A)O
B)A
C)E
D)B
Q2) What type of weathering are you most likely to find occurring on the coast?
A)dissolution
B)thermal expansion
C)salt wedging
D)root wedging
Q3) Salt water is the end product of this weathering process.
A)hydrolysis
B)dissolution
C)jointing
D)frost wedging
Q4) Which of the following does NOT affect soil thickness?
A)time
B)types of animals
C)climate
D)vegetation type
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) If a rock is buried,then exposed and eroded,and the sediment is then lithified,after which the rock is melted and cooled,what type of rock is the end result?
A)igneous
B)sedimentary
C)metamorphic
D)clastic
Q2) What must occur in order to create an igneous rock?
A)melting
B)erosion
C)deep burial
D)cementation
Q3) What process transforms a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?
A)melting
B)burial
C)erosion
D)deposition
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28
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Q1) If a gravity anomaly is negative,what does that imply about the material underground?
A)The material is much more dense rock.
B)The material is much less dense rock.
C)The material is an underground ore.
D)The material is composed of mantle.
Q2) Earth's gravity is best represented by an equipotential surface that contains bumps and depressions where areas of higher or lower gravity appear over the Earth.This representation is called the ________.
A)reference geoid
B)gravitational potential
C)isostasy
D)geoid
Q3) If a P-wave is traveling through the Earth and encounters a molten magma chamber,what will happen to the velocity of the P-wave?
A)It will slow down.
B)It will speed up.
C)It will stay at the same speed.
D)It will drop to zero.
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) Why is the preservation potential of feathers so low?
A)because birds usually die in dry environments
B)because feathers do not contain hard parts
C)because feathers are very small and thus are not well preserved
D)because birds die in forests,areas with high oxygen levels
Q2) If a volcanic eruption occurs that blocks out some of the sunlight long enough for many plants to die,what (if anything)will happen to the carnivorous animal species?
A)They will eventually die along with many other species in the food chain.
B)The carnivorous animals will need to adapt to eat other plant species.
C)They will die from the drop in temperature before the plant deaths affect them.
D)Nothing will happen;carnivorous animals will not be affected by plant death.
Q3) When the last member of a species dies,this is called ________.
A)fossilization
B)natural selection
C)extinction
D)preservation
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Q1) If two valleys are carved out of the exact same type of rock and under the exact same climatic conditions,what would we expect an older valley to look like compared to a younger valley?
A)The older valley would have steep sides,the younger would have gentle sides.
B)The younger valley would have steep sides,the older would have gentle sides.
C)The older valley would contain many more depositional features than the younger.
D)The younger valley would contain many more depositional features than the older.
Q2) The difference in elevation in an area is called ________.
A)erosion
B)deposition
C)relief
D)landform
Q3) If erosion is occurring in an area of weak rock,what would you expect the landscape to look like?
A)gentle hills
B)steep cliffs
C)uplifted terraces
D)vertical canyons
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 31