Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology explores the biological and cultural evolution of humans and our closest relatives. This course examines human origins, variation, and adaptation through the study of fossil evidence, genetics, and comparative anatomy. It also delves into archaeological methods and theories, investigating how material remains are used to interpret past human behaviors, societies, and cultural developments. Topics include human evolution, primatology, excavation techniques, dating methods, and analysis of artifacts, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of our species' deep past and the scientific approaches used to uncover it.
Recommended Textbook
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology 4th Canadian Edition by Carol R. Ember
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?
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Q1) The first academic position in anthropology in Canada was created in 1925 at
A) the University of Toronto.
B) McGill University.
C) the University of British Columbia.
D) the University of Ottawa.
E) Laval University.
Answer: A
Q2) Historical linguists deal only with languages and usually languages with a written form.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The first Homo sapiens emerged approximately 1 million years ago.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Ethnologists are interested in how cultures change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Uncovering the Past: Tools and Techniques
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Q1) Which of the following is untrue of the law of superposition?
A) Stratigraphic analysis is fundamentally based on the law of superposition.
B) The law of superposition provides a framework for relative date estimates
C) The law of superposition provides a framework for absolute date determinations
D) The law of superposition states that younger layers overlay older layers
E) The law of superposition can be combined with analysis of faunal remains to arrive at relative date estimates
Answer: C
Q2) Non-invasive surface surveying techniques in archaeology can include aerial photography and satellite images.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Coffins provide a different burial environment for bodies than does burial directly in the soil.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Reconstructing the Past: Analysis and Interpretation
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Q1) The study of human remains in the archaeological record
A) can help researchers reconstruct former ecological conditions.
B) contributes a significant amount of information to understanding our past.
C) is illegal in Canada.
D) cannot link past populations to contemporary populations.
E) is impossible because human bone and animal bone can't be differentiated.
Answer: B
Q2) Reconstructing aspects of social systems from the archaeological record is possible by understanding the social context in which material culture accumulates.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Regardless of what artifacts of made of, they are analysed for A) their size and shape.
B) how they were made.
C) their form or type.
D) all of the above
E) A and C only
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) The process of natural selection involves three conditions or principles; these are
A) adaptive traits, high rates of predation, and high reproductive success.
B) variation across individuals, heritability of favourable traits, and differential reproductive success.
C) environmental variation, the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and species striving for perfection.
D) variation between populations, populations out-competing each other, and differential survival of populations.
E) variation in adaptive traits, variation in heritability of traits, and widespread reproductive success.
Q2) Once speciation occurs, the evolutionary process cannot be reversed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is one adaptations to terrestrial life exhibited by reptiles?
Q4) The force of natural selection may involve easily perceivable changes over time, making it easy to observe directly.
A)True
B)False
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6
Chapter 5: Modern Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) The development of the "modern synthesis" in evolutionary theory during the late 1930s and early 1940s was led by
A) A.R. Wallace, Thomas Huxley and Gregor Mendel.
B) E.B. Tyler, Lewis Henry Morgan and Franz Boas.
C) Niles Eldridge, Stephen Jay Gould and Louis Alvarez.
D) Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr and George Simpson.
E) Francis Galton, Charles B. Davenport and Madison Grant.
Q2) Proteins act as catalysts for sythesizing DNA but not RNA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If one of Mendel's pea plants produced yellow peas (i.e., was phenotypically a yellow pea plant), but could also pass on the gene for green peas, that plant would be described as
A) homozygous yellow.
B) homozygous green.
C) heterozygous.
D) recessive.
E) mutants.
Q4) How does the founder effect lead to genetic drift?
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Chapter 6: Human Variation
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Q1) If an individual experiences oxygen deficiency at altitude, this condition is termed A) nausea.
B) hypertrophy.
C) nitrogen narcosis.
D) hypoxia.
E) hypothermia.
Q2) The biological relationship between melanin levels and climate across mammals and birds, where populations living in warmer climates have darker skin, fur or feathers than do populations of the same species living in cooler areas, is called
A) Allen's rule.
B) Gloger's rule.
C) Bergmann's rule.
D) the bioclimatic law.
E) Riesenfeld's rule.
Q3) It has been suggested that Type II diabetes may be the result of fetal malnutrition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Living Primates
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Q1) Skeletal evidence for language includes reduced flexion of the basicranium.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lemurs, lorises and tarsiers are all
A) prosimians.
B) monkeys.
C) Ceboids.
D) lesser apes.
E) anthropoids.
Q3) Primate use the following methods of communication.
A) sound
B) odour
C) body movement
D) All of the Above
E) A and B only
Q4) Platyrrhine primates have narrow noses with nostrils that face downwards.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why has evolution made humans so smart? Compare some of the theories that have been put forth.
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Chapter 8: Primate Evolution: From Early Primates to Hominoids
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Q1) Omomyids are considered ________-like because of their large eyes, long tarsal bones and very small size.
A) tarsier
B) lemur
C) prosimian
D) adapid
E) loris
Q2) A strong candidate for the common primate ancestor, dating to about 56 million years ago is
A) Omomyids.
B) Dolichocebus.
C) Branisella.
D) Carpolestes.
E) Parapithecus.
Q3) What are molecular clocks and how can they be used to deduce the time since two organisms shared a common ancestor?
Q4) Oreopithiecus was adapted to life in thickly forested marshlands.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Early Hominins
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Q1) Which of the following is not a site at which hominin fossils have been discovered?
A) Alnif.
B) Taung.
C) Laetoli.
D) West Turkana.
E) Olduvai.
Q2) Why does the presence of patterned stone tools at some hominin fossil sites indicate that early hominins had probably developed culture?
Q3) Jonathan Wells and Jay Stock argue that ___________ led humans to become "colonizing apes," able to live in diverse environments.
A) convergent evolution
B) bipedalism
C) large brains
D) environmental change
E) tool use
Q4) One advantage of bipedalism is the ability to cover large areas, very quickly.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Homo Erectus and Archaic Homo Sapiens
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Q1) Which of the following is not true of the Terra Amata site near Nice, France?
A) The site was occupied in the late fall, judging by the remains of acorns found in fossilized human feces.
B) The site shows evidence of small huts, about 4.5 m by 9 m, having been constructed.
C) A basic feature of each hut was a hearth.
D) The occupants gathered shellfish, did some fishing, and hunted both small and large game.
E) Debris in some of the huts is evidence of stone tool manufacturing.
Q2) The Moula-Guercy site in France provides possible evidence for
A) cannibalism among Neanderthals.
B) warfare between Neanderthals and modern humans.
C) interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans.
D) big game hunting by Neanderthals.
E) seasonal subsistence strategies by Neanderthals.
Q3) The structure of the brain of H. floresiensis is similar to that of H. erectus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Outline the evidence suggesting that H. erectus took part in rituals.
Q5) Who were the Denisovans?
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Chapter 11: Modern Homo Sapiens
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Q1) Large, lead-shaped points associated with Mammoth kill sites in the New World are called
A) Palaeindian.
B) Clovis.
C) Monte Verde.
D) Carolingian.
E) Acheulian.
Q2) In addition to the use of stone tools, the Upper paleolithic also saw large numbers of tools made from bone, antler and ivory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Radiocarbon dating of Neanderthal remains from the Croatian sites of Vindija and Velika Pecina suggests that these archaic humans survived until as recently as
A) 30,000 years ago.
B) 35,000 to 45,000 years ago.
C) 24,500 years ago.
D) 28,000 to 29,000 years ago.
E) 20,000 years ago.
Q4) Where did modern humans emerge? Summarize and compare the current theories.
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Chapter 12: Origins of Food Production and Settled Life
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Q1) In Africa, pre-agricultural developments during the Mesolithic probably arose due to changes in the climate and environment, including
A) warmer temperatures and less rainfall.
B) warmer temperatures and more rainfall.
C) cooler temperatures and more rainfall.
D) a change in ocean currents that resulted in less rainfall.
E) a change in the path of the jet-stream that brought cooler temperatures.
Q2) At the site of Ali Kosh in the Near East a considerable amount of dietary protein was derived from
A) fish.
B) cattle.
C) goats.
D) camels.
E) dogs.
Q3) Spirit Cave in Thailand has some of the oldest evidence of probable domesticates.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some possible reasons why broad-spectrum collecting developed?
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Chapter 13: Origins of Cities and States
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Q1) After the Inca conquest, women seem to have worked harder and had poorer health than men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Marvin Harris suggested that states formed in areas
A) that supported intensive grain production that were surrounded by areas that could not.
B) close to river systems.
C) cut off from neighbouring populations.
D) traditionally were nomadic.
E) conquered by warfare.
Q3) At its peak, from A.D. 200-500, the great city of Teotihuacan covered an area greater than imperial Rome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Physical or environmental circumscription is the only kind of barrier than can give rise to a state.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why do scholars disagree over whether or not Cahokia was a state?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Applied Anthropology: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
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Q1) Only socio-cultural anthropologists can work in applied anthropology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Applied, or practicing, anthropology is explicitly concerned with using anthropological knowledge to address "real-world" problems.
A)True
B)False
Q3) As part of the ethical responsibilities of the anthropologist, it is expected that research findings will
A) be published in only the most prestigious academic journals.
B) not contradict previous findings by other researchers.
C) be reported openly and truthfully.
D) report results that funders of the research are expecting to see.
E) describe the best way that development projects can be implemented.
Q4) Medical research now indicates that formula is far superior to mother's milk.
A)True B)False
Q5) In many cultures fat people are considered more "beautiful" than thin people. A)True
B)False
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