Philosophy of Mind Study
Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Philosophy of Mind explores fundamental questions about the nature of consciousness, mental states, and the relationship between mind and body. The course examines classical and contemporary theories surrounding mental phenomena, including dualism, physicalism, behaviorism, and functionalism. Students analyze key topics such as perception, intentionality, personal identity, mental causation, and the minds relation to artificial intelligence and neuroscience. Through critical reading and discussion, the course encourages students to evaluate differing perspectives and to reflect on the implications of philosophy of mind for broader questions in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to the History of Psychology 6th Edition by B. R. Hergenhahn
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21 Chapters
1689 Verified Questions
1689 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) ____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws.
A)Vitalism
B)Determinism
C)Monism
D)Materialism
Answer: A
Q2) According to Popper,the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:
A)make too many risky predictions
B)make postdictions rather than predictions
C)make predictions rather than postdictions
D)are too easily falsified
Answer: B
Q3) Nondeterminism requires that a person is responsible for their behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers
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Q1) For Aristotle,sensory experience:
A)was the only thing necessary for attaining knowledge
B)was unnecessary for attaining knowledge
C)was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge
D)inhibited the attainment of knowledge
Answer: C
Q2) Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
A)God
B)common people
C)philosopher-kings
D)soldiers
Answer: C
Q3) Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when:
A)vibrations from external objects stimulated sense receptors
B)sensory information was analyzed by the brain
C)eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with elements found in the blood
D)sensations interacted with memories of prior experiences
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fact that St.Paul ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.
A)valued faith above reason
B)valued reason above faith
C)valued intuition above empirical observation
D)valued Epicureanism above Stoicism
Answer: A
Q2) According to St.Augustine,not acting in accordance with the internal sense caused:
A)a feeling of Godliness
B)one to rise above animal impulses
C)guilt
D)anxiety
Answer: C
Q3) St.Augustine used and encouraged the use of introspection or examination of one's inner experience.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy
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Q1) Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:
A)Protestantism
B)Reformation
C)Puritanism
D)Catholicism
Q2) According to Bacon,the biases that result from being overly influenced by the traditional meanings of words constituted the:
A)idol of the cave
B)idol of the tribe
C)idol of the marketplace
D)idol of the theater
Q3) The renaissance humanists attacked church dogma harshly but accepted the authority of Aristotle's science.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Ptolemaic system had the earth as the center.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
Q5) Briefly describe the major themes of Renaissance humanism.
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Chapter 5: Empiricism,Sensationalism,and Positivism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to:
A)sharpen their minds
B)prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
C)punish them for evil deeds that had gone undetected
D)assure that their bodies were as fit as their minds
Q2) Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.
A)rational philosophy;association
B)empirical philosophy;association
C)empirical philosophy;Newtonian science
D)innate ideas;Newtonian science
Q3) According to John Stuart Mill,meteorology,tidology,and psychology were inexact sciences because their ____ were not understood.
A)primary laws
B)secondary laws
C)first principles
D)essences
Q4) Berkeley believed that reality consists of our perceptions.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Rationalism
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Q1) For Leibniz,sensory experience was important because it:
A)produced the ideas that occurred in the mind
B)provided the pleasurable and painful experiences that guide our behavior
C)allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized
D)provided another way of knowing God
Q2) Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the:
A)limen
B)preconscious
C)petites perceptions
D)modular level
Q3) Rationalism emphasizes reasons for behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Spinoza's concept of ____ could have been called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis.
A)emotion
B)reason
C)panpsychism
D)passion
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Romanticism and Existentialism
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Q1) Kierkegaard believed that truth was:
A)subjective
B)whatever could be proven logically or scientifically
C)whatever a person believed privately and emotionally
D)both subjective and whatever a person believed privately and emotionally
Q2) Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music,poetry,or art.
A)repression
B)resistance
C)compensation
D)sublimation
Q3) Goethe stated that we need to deny and overcome the opposing forces of life's experiences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For Nietzsche,the Apollonian aspect of human nature represents our rational side.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Müller,we are directly aware of:
A)objects in the physical world
B)sensory impulses
C)primary qualities
D)categories of thought
Q2) Bell is given first name credit on the Bell-Magendie law because:
A)he conducted and published the research for a wide audience first
B)he did all of the research and Magendie just confirmed what he had found
C)he conducted the research and distributed it to friends via a pamphlet
D)Magendie actually should have been given full credit for the law
Q3) For Hering,space perception resulted from:
A)an innate category of the mind as Kant described
B)innate characteristics of the eye which provide information on height,left-right position,and depth
C)innate ideas
D)sensory experience plus the laws of association
Q4) Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception only involved vibrations in the middle ear.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Voluntarism,Structuralism,and Other Early
Approaches to Psychology
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Q1) Ebbinghaus was the first to study:
A)cognitive processes experimentally
B)learning and memory as associative processes
C)learning and memory as they occurred
D)intentionality
Q2) Külpe's technique of ____ involved giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engaged in to solve them.
A)subtractive reaction time
B)intentionality
C)systematic experimental introspection
D)pure phenomenology
Q3) The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:
A)perceived
B)apperceived
C)tri-dimensional
D)where the mental chemistry occurs
Q4) For Titchener,the goals of psychology were the what,how,and why of mental life.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss what Titchener saw as the set of goals for psychology.
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Chapter 10: The Darwinian Influence
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Q1) Present and analyze the current controversy regarding the inheritance of intelligence.
Q2) The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:
A)distinguish between normal and retarded children
B)distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
C)distinguish among levels of intelligence for retarded children
D)help children make reasonable career choices
Q3) Which of the following was true of Spearman?
A)he claimed that intelligence consisted of specific factors (s)such as mathematical and language ability
B)he claimed that intelligence could be described in terms of a general intellectual factor (g)
C)he laid the groundwork for the statistical technique of factor analysis
D)all of these choices
Q4) Goddard believed that immigrants' poor test performance was mainly due to inherited intelligence and not due to:
A)educational experience
B)cultural experience
C)personal experience
D)all of these choices
12
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Chapter 11: Functionalism
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Q1) Woodworth was primarily a functionalist,but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude which refers to a(n):
A)behaviorist
B)psychoanalyst
C)structuralist
D)eclectic
Q2) Discuss the characteristics of functionalism.
Q3) Münsterberg's efforts did much to create:
A)parapsychology
B)cross cultural psychology
C)applied psychology
D)dynamic psychology
Q4) Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:
A)show that behavior can be studied for its own sake without concern for consciousness
B)understand animal consciousness
C)confirm many of the observations made by Romanes
D)demonstrate that nonhuman animals are as intelligent as humans
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Chapter 12: Behaviorism
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Q1) Describe Pavlov's view of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes,including excitation and inhibition,the phenomenon of extinction,spontaneous recovery,and disinhibition.
Q2) Pavlov acknowledged that ____ objective work on the learning process preceded his own.
A)Watson's
B)Thorndike's
C)James's
D)Dewey's
Q3) Who taught Watson that plants and simple animals,because of their biological makeup,respond automatically in characteristic ways to particular environmental stimuli (tropisms)?
A)Moore
B)Dewey
C)Loeb
D)Angell
Q4) Discuss McDougall's purposive behavior.
Q5) For Sechenov,the most important concept for explaining behavior was inhibition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Neobehaviorism
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Q1) Guthrie argued that the learning theories and descriptions proposed by such individuals as Tolman,Hull,Watson,and Skinner were:
A)unscientific
B)unparsimonious
C)not complex enough
D)in many respects,better than his own theory
Q2) Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior.
A)confirmation
B)belief
C)performance
D)habit strength
Q3) Guthrie's theory had one law: the law of contingent exercise.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Guthrie,practice improves the performance of a skill because it:
A)allows many specific S-R associations to be formed
B)allows insight to be gained
C)allows a cognitive map to be formed
D)strengthens the responses that lead to drive reduction
Q5) Discuss logical positivism and its implications for the science of psychology.
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Chapter 14: Gesalt Psychology
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Q1) Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events,which emphasized inner essences and categories,and ____ explanation of natural events,which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.
A)Newton's;Einstein's B)Einstein's;Newton's C)Aristotle's;Galileo's D)Galileo's;Aristotle's
Q2) The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was:
A)the observation of simultaneous sounds as one
B)the observation of different colors when observing a spinning series of lines
C)the observation of apparent movement
D)the observation of flashing lights as one light
Q3) The German word Prägnanz has no exact English counterpart but an approximation is
A)essence
B)best fit
C)completion
D)organized
Q4) Describe and discuss productive thinking and its application.
Q5) Describe the law of Prägnanz and how it was explained by the Gestaltists.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness
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Q1) While studying artificial somnambulism,Puységur discovered the phenomenon later called:
A)posthypnotic suggestion
B)posthypnotic amnesia
C)the contagion effect
D)Both posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia
Q2) Discuss the recurrent themes among the characteristics of mental illness.
Q3) Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:
A)brought order to an otherwise chaotic mass of clinical observations
B)encouraged the treating of labels rather than individual patients
C)gave support to the psychological model of mental illness
D)is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Q4) Charcot agreed with the popular malingering theory of hysterical symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Pinel advocated the unchaining of the mentally ill but still felt that bloodletting was an effective treatment for the illness.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Psychoanalysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) If during psychoanalysis the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient,____ has occurred.
A)resistance
B)transference
C)countertransference
D)anticathexis
Q2) The male and female Oedipal complexes occur during the phallic stage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For Freud,we must first understand the workings of our minds,only then can we live rational lives.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Breuer called his method the cathartic method.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For Freud,aggression is a natural component of human nature.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss the antecedents of the development of psychoanalysis.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Adler believed that a weakness could be converted into a strength through: A)reaction formation
B)compensation
C)overcompensation
D)rationalization
Q2) Anna Freud added altruistic surrender and identification with the aggressor to the traditional list of defense mechanisms,
A)True
B)False
Q3) Unlike Freud,Jung believed that knowing a person's goals for the future (purpose)was necessary to understand a person.This was called A)individuation
B)teleology
C)synchronicity
D)self-actualization
Q4) For Horney,like Freud,the root of psychological problems was in intrapsyche conflict. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Humanistic Third-Forcepsychology
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Q1) Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists was the same,and that was to:
A)be parsimonious
B)reduce uncertainty
C)define abstract concepts operationally
D)follow the principle of falsifiability
Q2) According to the third-force psychologists,the most important cause of human behavior is:
A)objective reality
B)repressed memories
C)subjective reality
D)neurophysiological events
Q3) Briefly describe the basic ideas of the existentialists Heidegger and Binswanger.
Q4) The contention that mental acts always referred to objects or events outside of themselves defined Brentano's concept of:
A)phenomenology
B)intentionality
C)ontology
D)pure phenomenology
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Chapter 19: Psychobiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss Sperry's work with the split-brain preparation.
Q2) Bouchard and his colleagues found that the single most important determinant of a person's religious interests,attitudes,and values was:
A)shared family experience
B)one's culture
C)genetics
D)early childhood experience
Q3) Chomsky's explanation of language is basically:
A)empiricistic
B)nativistic
C)associationistic
D)mechanistic
Q4) Lashley's work:
A)showed that brain activity was like a complex switchboard
B)showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists
C)led to the discovery of what he had been looking for - the engram
D)was supportive of Watsonian behaviorism
Q5) Chomsky maintains that learning is the basis of language acquisition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Hebb's rule states:
A)scientific explanations should always be as parsimonious as possible
B)the knowledge sought by scientists should always have practical value
C)if neurons are successively or simultaneously active,the strength of the connections among them increases
D)never concern yourself with an old connection when a new connection is available
Q2) Neural networks consist of kinds of neurons or units.These are:
A)input units
B)hidden units
C)output units
D)all of these choices
Q3) Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____;however,back-propagation systems ____.
A)require extensive training;require a "teacher" to provide feedback on performance
B)require feedback;are self-correcting
C)process several sequences simultaneously;are self-correcting
D)are self-correcting;require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance
Q4) Describe and discuss the issues regarding weak and strong artificial intelligence.
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Contemporary Psychology
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Q1) The Psy.D.degree:
A)provides professional training for clinical psychologists
B)provides training in research and methodology
C)was recognized following the Vail conference in 1973
D)provides professional training for clinical psychologists and was recognized following the Vail conference in 1973
Q2) In 1925,the APA had created the category of associate member for psychologists with a doctorate but with no scientific publications beyond the dissertation.Which of the following was true for associate members?
A)Associate members had full voting privileges.
B)Associate members had no voting privileges.
C)Associate members had numerous publications past their dissertations.
D)Associate members were primarily academic psychologists.
Q3) The first school independent of any college or university to offer the Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D. )was the:
A)Crane Institute
B)Vail Institute
C)California School of Professional Psychology (CSPP)
D)Boulder Psychological Institute
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