Philosophy and History of Psychology
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
This course explores the philosophical underpinnings and historical development of psychology as a scientific discipline. Students will examine key philosophical debates regarding the mind, consciousness, and human behavior, tracing their influence on the emergence of psychological theories and methods. The course analyzes major historical milestones in psychology, from its roots in ancient philosophy through the establishment of psychology as an independent science in the 19th and 20th centuries. Emphasis is placed on how cultural, social, and scientific shifts have shaped psychological thought, as well as the ongoing interaction between philosophical ideas and empirical research in the field.
Recommended Textbook
A History of Modern Psychology 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz
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15 Chapters
1771 Verified Questions
1771 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Study of the History of Psychology
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university ____.
A)could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites
B)had no dormitory facilities for Blacks
C)had no dining facilities for Blacks
D)could not have Black males working with White female graduate students
E)would not confer the PhD on a Black person even if he or she completed the requisite coursework
Answer: A
Q2) It can be argued that psychology today studies and debates some of the same questions as those that concerned the philosophers of ancient Greece.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Reconstruction refers to the principles,methods,and philosophical issues of historical research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Philosophical Influences on Psychology
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major contribution of Descartes to psychology was to deflect attention from the study of the mind in general to the study of consciousness in particular.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?
A)Rene Descartes
B)John Locke
C)David Hartley
D)James Mill
E)George Berkeley
Answer: E
Q3) "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder," reflects Locke's notion of primary qualities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Physiological Influences on Psychology
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Johannes Müller found that nerves only give information characteristic of the sense associated with it.This means that when an auditory nerve is stimulated,it will result in someone hearing a sound,even when no noise is present.Müller called this ____.
A)the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves
B)specificity
C)neuronal tubule clarity
D)the postmortem method
E)the experimental method in physiology
Answer: A
Q2) Fechner seriously injured his eyes in the chemistry lab.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The royal astronomer of England,Nevil Maskelyne,discovered the phenomenon that is known as the personal equation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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5
Chapter 4: The New Psychology
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Watt's work was important for its identification of unconscious determining tendencies that subjects manifested.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____.
A)counting associations that had already been formed
B)using an a priori method
C)looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence
D)making it more objective
E)counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material
Q3) The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____.
A)was destroyed by the Gestapo in World War II
B)is still in existence but serves solely as a historical attraction
C)is still a productive research facility
D)was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II
E)was destroyed in World War II but rebuilt as a historical museum
Q4) Külpe emphasized qualitative reports from his observers.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Structuralism
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Titchener's focus was on the synthesis of elements of consciousness into higher-order cognitive processes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The criticisms directed at the method of introspection were more relevant to Titchener's method of observation than they were to Wundt's method.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of Titchener's more influential books was Elements of Psychophysics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who argued that the mind may observe all phenomena but its own?
A)Mill
B)Comte
C)Hume
D)Titchener
E)Ebbinghaus
Q5) For Titchener,what is the subject matter of psychology? How is psychology similar to and different from other sciences?
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Chapter 6: Functionalism: Antecedent Influences
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Romanes was the first scientist to conduct large-scale experimental studies in animal psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ____,a predecessor of Darwin,speculated that all mammals had evolved from a single filament and given movement by God.
A)Anaximander
B)Plato
C)Isaac Newton
D)Erasmus Darwin
E)Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Q3) Galton argued that what proportion of eminence could be reliably attributed to environmental influences?
A)0%
B)15%
C)25%
D)50%
E)82%
Q4) Explain evolutionary theory using the study of finches' beaks.
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Chapter 7: Functionalism: Development and Founding
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172 Verified Questions
172 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) William James used the term "stream of consciousness" to indicate ____.
A)that the analysis of consciousness into mental elements is difficult but possible
B)that the use of introspection to study consciousness is possible
C)that consciousness is not as important as the unconscious in controlling behavior since consciousness is always changing
D)that the changing nature of consciousness prevents its analysis into mental elements
E)that unconscious thoughts can be accessed through free association
Q2) Describe the founding of functionalism.In what ways was its founding different from that of Titchener's structuralism? What were the contributions of Titchener and Dewey to functionalism as an emerging school of thought?
Q3) Who originated the idea of social Darwinism?
A)James
B)Darwin
C)Spencer
D)Galton
E)Hollerith
Q4) Describe and compare James's new look at consciousness with the views of Wundt.
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Chapter 8: Applied Psychology: the Legacy of Functionalism
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The psychologist responsible for using mental tests to assess whether immigrants were mentally defective was Goddard.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The technique of telling consumers to "Use Brand X!" is traceable to ____ law of ____.
A)Münsterberg's;suggestibility
B)Scott's;direct pitch
C)Scott's;suggestibility
D)Witmer's;suggestion
E)Scott's;direct action
Q3) Which early psychologist "rescued" the journal Science?
A)Scott
B)Hall
C)Yerkes
D)Münsterberg
E)Cattell
Q4) Discuss the role of women in at least two different areas of applied psychology.Why was it difficult for them to make the kinds of professional contributions made by men?
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Chapter 9: Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The notion that single-celled organisms engage in purposive behavior was given by Wundt.
A)True
B)False
Q2) E.B.Twitmyer was the first to describe classical conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Thorndike's approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on ____.
A)mechanism
B)introspection
C)mentalism
D)positivism
E)phenomenalism
Q4) Animal psychology was an outcome of evolutionary theory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast Thorndike's law of effect and Pavlov's law of reinforcement.
Q6) Describe Pavlov's work on conditioning,including his experimental method and the extent to which he attempted to control irrelevant variables.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Behaviorism: the Beginnings
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96 Verified Questions
96 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Watson argued that the failure of psychology as a natural science was due to ____.
A)the fact that data of introspection cannot be replicated
B)blaming the observer rather than the method for failure to replicate in introspection
C)the failure to operationally define terms in common use by psychologists
D)the use of mechanistic terms
E)All of the choices are correct.
Q2) Behaviorism was officially established in ____.
A)1904,at the St.Louis Exposition
B)1907,with Bekhterev's Objective Psychology
C)1908,with Watson's lectures at Yale
D)1911,with McDougall's Psychology: The Study of Behavior
E)1913,with Watson's "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"
Q3) Describe Watson's treatment of instincts between 1910 and 1925.
Q4) Watson's most profound public impact was on American educational practices.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the four objective methods of study that Watson found acceptable.What are the strengths and flaws of each?
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Chapter 11: Behaviorism: After the Founding
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Locus of control is variable and changes for everyone daily.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Skinner defined a reflex as a(n)____.
A)objectively observable product of the autonomic nervous system
B)intervening variable
C)respondent
D)S-R connection
E)S-R correlation and nothing more
Q3) In Tolman's system,learned relationships are sign Gestalts.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is an intervening variable? Explain how they are operationally defined and used by the neobehaviorists,describing in detail at least one intervening variable used by Tolman and one used by Hull.
Q5) For Hull,habit strength is wholly dependent on the number and size of the reinforcements.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe,compare,and contrast the three stages of behaviorism.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: gestalt Psychology
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95 Verified Questions
95 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The importance of perceptual constancies in the Wundt versus Gestalt debate was that the experience supported ____.
A)Wundt's findings that replication of experimental introspection methods provided the same or similar data
B)Wundt's position that forms can always be reduced to constant elements (sensations and feelings)
C)Wundt's findings that analysis of an experience does not distort it
D)the Gestalt position that "completeness" of an experience is not altered when the actual sensory components of the experience are altered
E)the Gestalt finding that unless the animal changes an element of the problem,it cannot "see" (perceive)the solution
Q2) Lewin's social action research involved the study of relevant social problems from the point of view of change.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Gestalt protest arose in opposition to Titchener's structuralism.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Psychoanalysis: the Beginnings
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Currently known data fragments indicate that Freud was first apprised of the role of sexuality in hysterical symptoms by ____.
A)Charcot
B)Breuer
C)Brücke
D)Krafft-Ebing
E)Janet
Q2) Neurohypnology was given scientific credibility by Janet.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The schools of psychology arising concurrent with Freud's system were distinct from his in their attempt to maintain a pure science.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the childhood seduction controversy,including Freud's vacillating attitude toward it as well as toward sex.What was his eventual self-analysis with regard to his attitude and personal sexual difficulties and by what method did he deal with them?
Q5) Describe the role of mechanism and determinism in Freud's system.
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Chapter 14: Psychoanalysis: After the Founding
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major factor in Freud's relationship with Jung was that Jung had analyzed Anna Freud and uncovered her fantasies of being beaten.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Rogers's formulation,the urge toward self-actualization is ____.
A)innate
B)influenced by learning
C)influenced by childhood experience
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.
Q3) What is positive psychology as proposed by Seligman? In what ways is it similar to and different from humanistic psychology?
Q4) For Adler,____ involves the behaviors used to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
A)striving for superiority
B)personality
C)inferiority complex
D)style of life
E)creative power of the self
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Contemporary Developments in Psychology
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of its antecedent influences,cognitive psychology represents a return to
A)the early attempts at a science of the mind and consciousness
B)the type of speculations engaged in by philosophers
C)introspection
D)the active role of the perceiver
E)All of the choices are correct.
Q2) In what ways is the computer an appropriate metaphor for cognitive psychology? Explain the concept of artificial intelligence and the significance of the chess games between Garry Kasparov and Deep Blue in terms of determining whether artificial intelligence is equivalent to human intelligence.
Q3) Tolman's contribution to the decline of S-R psychology was the ____.
A)concept of cognitive maps
B)Gestalt principles of organization
C)concept of habit strength
D)work on eyelid conditioning
E)concept of self-efficacy
Q4) The functional viewpoint has changed the nature of psychology.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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