Pharmacy and Pharmacology
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Course Introduction
Pharmacy and Pharmacology explores the science of drugs and their effects on biological systems, focusing on how medications are developed, tested, and used for the prevention and treatment of disease. The course covers the principles of drug action, mechanisms of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as the therapeutic and adverse effects of various classes of pharmaceuticals. Students will also gain an understanding of the pharmacy profession, including dispensing practices, patient counseling, and ethical considerations in medication management, preparing them for roles in healthcare, research, or further professional studies.
Recommended Textbook
Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior An Introduction to Psychopharmacology 2nd Edition by
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2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A substance found harmful for a fetus is called a ___________.
A) neurotoxin
B) teratogen
C) embryolic toxin
D) nocebo
Answer: B
Q2) A dose-effect curve depicts the magnitude of a drug effect by ?__________.
A) volume
B) toxicity
C) amount of drug
D) dose
Answer: D
Q3) An animal study that causes no pain or distress and produces a major scientific discovery would have low ethical costs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Measuring how quickly someone is breathing after taking a certain drug is an example of a(n)________ effect.
Answer: objective
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) An inhibitory intracellular matrix releases neurotrophins to impair axon re-growth.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) If an experimental drug produced physiological effects similar to nitric oxide,then a researcher would:
A) reduced cerebrospinal fluid.
B) expect to find increased blood flow.
C) reduced oxygen delivery to cells.
D) increased protection of the brain.
Answer: B
Q3) Responding to brain injury is an important function of astrocytes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) ________________ facilitates the movement of electrical impulses down an axon by serving as an insulating material.
Answer: Myelin
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Chapter 3: Neurotransmission
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although nitric oxide is a neurotransmitter,describe the ways it differs from classical neurotransmitter such as dopamine.
Answer: 1.NO is a gas
2.It is not stored
3.It can pass through plasma membranes and bind to proteins within a neuron
4.NO is not released when calcium influx occurs
Q2) Neurotransmitters enter vesicles through channels called:
A) membrane transporters.
B) catabolic enzymes.
C) calcium channels.
D) vesicular transporters.
Answer: D
Q3) The types of acetylcholine receptors consist of:
A) cholinergic and adrenergic.
B) muscarinic and nicotinic.
C) nicotinic and cholinergic.
D) acetylcholinesterase and acetic acid.
Answer: B
Q4) Tyrosine hydroxylase serves as the _____________ step for dopamine.
Answer: rate-limiting
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Properties of Drugs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The selective destruction of axons by a neurotoxin is called:
A) transmission toxicity.
B) neuronpathy.
C) myelinopathy.
D) axonopathy.
Q2) List and describe two approaches for reducing neurotransmission for a receptor.
Q3) A negative modulator prevents a neurotransmitter from activating a receptor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The term liberation describes the diffusion of drugs through membranes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An administration route preferred by patients and easy to administer is:
A) intramuscular.
B) subcutaneous.
C) intravenous.
D) oral.
Q6) You are a pharmacologist who recently developed a new therapeutic drug for a brain disorder.Unfortunately,the drug has poor bioavailability.List and describe three potential reasons why the drug had poor bioavailability.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Drugs of Abuse
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the U.S.Drug Enforcement Agency,a schedule I controlled substance has potential medical uses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Providing vouchers for meals at a local restaurant when a person remained abstinent from drug use would be an example of a(n):
A) contingency-based strategy.
B) cognitive-behavioral strategy.
C) one of the steps in a 12-step anonymous program.
D) incentive-salience treatment approach.
Q3) A drug classified as schedule _________ has very high abuse potential but also legitimate medical uses.
Q4) How might an unconditioned stimulus be described?
A) A stimulus that cannot produce any behavioral effects.
B) A stimulus that rewards an unlearned behavioral response.
C) A stimulus that signals when an unlearned behavioral response will receive a reward.
D) An unlearned behavioral response automatically occurs when a certain stimulus is presented.
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Chapter 6: Psychostimulants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the actions of cocaine,one might infer that a toxin that suddenly destroyed synaptic vesicle walls would:
A) also cause the destruction of dopamine.
B) cause an increase in dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
C) cause all dopamine to be degraded by monoamine oxidase.
D) cause a decrease in further dopamine synthesis.
Q2) Cocaine reverses the direction of dopamine membrane transporters.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)is:
A) increases psychostimulant effects with administered with cocaine or amphetamine.
B) promotes the activation of the neural growth factor BDNF.
C) is a gene transcript factor.
D) a peptide neurotransmitter produced after psychostimulant administration.
Q4) Using both cocaine and alcohol can cause the production of the metabolite
Q5) Bath salts typically contain drugs called synthetic ______________.
Q6) Why might there be a greater risk of cocaine addiction in women?
Q7) A psychostimulant found in Ephedra Sinica is ______________.
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Chapter 7: Nicotine and Caffeine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Smelling a strong odor of cigarette smoke on one's clothes would serve as an example of :
A) second-hand smoke.
B) third-hand smoke.
C) tobacco smoking.
D) smokeless tobacco.
Q2) Those who fail to develop an addiction to tobacco despite long-term use are referred to as:
A) chippers.
B) slow metabolizers.
C) desensitizers.
D) tobacco resistant.
Q3) Describe the differences between first generation and modern e-cigarettes.Also,describe the difference between an e-cigarette user described as a smoker versus and e-cigarette user described as a vaper.
Q4) The administration of a nicotinic receptor agonist while nicotinic receptors are in a(n)__________ state will not produce any effects.
Q5) Flue curing reduces the pH of tobacco smoke to closer to __________.
Q6) Describe the process of nicotinic receptor activation and desensitization.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Alcohol
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Sample Questions
Q1) If 25 g of alcohol were found in a 100ml solution,what percentage of alcohol would the percentage have?
A) 25%
B) 12.5%
C) 0.25%
D) 2500%
Q2) The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A value that represents twice the percentage of alcohol in a drink is called:
A) percentage alcohol.
B) alcohol by volume.
C) proof of alcohol.
D) concentration of alcohol.
Q4) Alcohol is mostly catabolized by the enzyme:
A) aldehyde dehydrogenase.
B) acetaldehyde.
C) dopamine-beta-dehydroxylase.
D) alcohol dehydrogenase.
Q5) Describe how GABAA receptors mediate alcohol's reinforcing effects.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: GHP and Inhalants
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the reasons why weightlifters believed that GHB promoted muscle growth?
Q2) GHB is used for a sleep disorder called ____________.
Q3) If a user wished to deeply inhale vapors from an inhalant using a cloth,the user would likely prefer to engage in:
A) sniffing.
B) bagging.
C) huffing.
D) gasping.
Q4) Describe the metabolic process involved in the synthesis of GHB from the prodrugs 1,4-butanediol and gamma-hydroxybutyraldehyde.
Q5) GHB is a treatment for the sleep disorder narcolepsy.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why did the FDA ban the over-the-counter sale of GHB in 1990?
A) It was being used in sexual assaults.
B) There were reportes of intoxication and deep unconsciousness from GHB usel
C) It was discovered as a neurotransmitter.
D) It became a treatment for narcolepsy and therefore had to be prescribed.
Q7) In what ways to GHB interact with the GABA neurotransmitter system?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Opioids
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Sample Questions
Q1) By inhibiting the activity of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area,opioids produce a(n):
A) increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
B) decrease in dopamine in the ventral tegmental area.
C) decrease in endogenous opioids in the ventral tegmental area.
D) increase in endogenous opioids in the nucleus accumbens.
Q2) What affect on reinforcing effects will the combination of an opioid agonist with an opioid antagonist have?
A) The antagonist will produce pain, thereby precluding someone from enjoying the reinforcing effects produced by the agonist.
B) There will be no competing effects since they act on different receptors.
C) The antagonist will enhance the reinforcing effects of the agonist.
D) The antagonist will reduce the reinforcing effects of the agonist.
Q3) The initial phase of an opioid agonist's positive subjective effects is called a: A) nod.
B) rush.
C) euphoria.
D) high.
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Chapter 11: Cannabinoids
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are reasons for using medical cannabis versus a medication derived from cannabinoids except
A) cannabis users can carefully adjust their dosage, based on frequency they smoke and the manner they smoke.
B) medications based on cannabinoids produce unpleasant effects compared to cannabis.
C) other compounds in cannabis may be therapeutically beneficial.
D) medical cannabis is seldom a controlled substance, making it easier to access.
Q2) An advantage that cannabis may have over opioids for treating pain is
A) cannabis treats neuropathic pain.
B) cannabis is legal to obtain whereas opioids require a prescription.
C) cannabis is not an addictive substance.
D) cannabis has fewer adverse effects than opioids.
Q3) A contact high from cannabis comes from
A) inhaling cannabis smoke from a nearby user.
B) encountering cannabis residue on clothing or other material due to past use of cannabis.
C) the added pleasure of using cannabis with other users in a social setting.
D) adding synthetic marijuana compounds to a marijuana cigarette.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Psychedelic Drugs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A couple who took MDMA and during its effects felt emotionally closer to each other than ever before likely experienced the ________ effects of MDMA.
Q2) Phencyclidine has become an important experimental model for the ____________ hypothesis of schizophrenia.
A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) dopamin
D) serotonin.
Q3) Although lab rats may not experience visual hallucinations,drug discrimination studies in rats trained to discriminate psilocybin find that
A) hallucinogens and antipsychotic drugs are substitutes for psilocybin.
B) most drugs, no matter the class, are substitutes for psilocybin.
C) other hallucinogen drugs are substitutes for psilocybin.
D) antagonists for 5-HT A receptors are substitutes for psilocybin.
Q4) The chemical structure of LSD suggests that
A) LSD is structurally related to dimethyltryptamine.
B) LSD acts on the serotonin system.
C) monoamine oxidase will break down LSD in the brain.
D) the brain naturally produces LSD as a neurotransmitter.
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Chapter 13: Treatments for Depression and Bipolar Disorder
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patients treated with an antidepressant drug who report feeling 'numbed,' 'flattened,' or 'dulled' are likely experiencing
A) serotonin affective disorder.
B) emotional blunting.
C) serotonin lethargy.
D) emotional detachment syndrome.
Q2) The term multimodal is used for atypical antipsychotic drugs because A) the drugs act on a single neurotransmitter through more than one modality. B) the antidepressant drug has multiple pharmacological actions.
C) the drug is likely to be used in combination with another antidepressant drug.
D) the drug comes in a variety of different administration forms.
Q3) An abnormal elevation or irritation in mood along with increased arousal or energy is referred to as A) disinhibition.
B) hyperexcitability.
C) mania.
D) euthymia.
Q4) Name four symptoms of depression.
Q5) List and describe roles that three brain structures play in depression.
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Chapter 14: Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reacting to perceived threat before knowing what the threat is involves only thalamo-amygdala pathway.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The context of the stimulus is processed by the ___________ when receiving information about a threatening stimulus.
Q3) Approximately how many patients with anxiety disorder fail to respond adequately to antidepressant medications ?
A) one-eighth
B) one-third
C) half
D) three-fourth
Q4) A barbiturate that is only effective for 30 minutes would be classifed as a(n)
A) short-acting barbiturate.
B) ultrashort-acting barbiturate.
C) intermediate acting barbiturate.
D) long-acting barbiturate.
Q5) Describe the different inputs the amygdala receives when suddenly encountering a potentially threatening stimulus.
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Chapter 15: Antipsychotic Drugs
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the most part,antipsychotic drugs must at least serve as antagonists for the _______ receptor to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
A) NMDA
B) D
C) 5-HT A
D) GABAA
Q2) Describe the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia and state why a typical antipsychotic drug reduces positive symptoms.
Q3) Atypical antipsychotic drugs differ from typical antipsychotic drugs in all of the following ways except
A) improved efficacy for positive symptoms.
B) reduced risk of extrapyramidal side effects.
C) improved efficacy for negative symptoms. D) improvements in cognitive functioning.
Q4) Aside for 5-HT2A receptors and D2 receptors,name two other receptors that antipsychotics act on,identify the receptor action,and describe the effects that acting on this receptor causes.
Q5) Name and describe three different types of schizophrenia.
Q6) Schizohprenia consists of positive symptoms and ________ symptoms.
Page 17
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