Course Introduction
Personality Assessment Exam Preparation
Guide
Personality Assessment explores the theories, methods, and tools used to evaluate individual differences in personality. The course covers major assessment techniques including self-report inventories, projective tests, and structured interviews, along with their psychometric properties and clinical applications. Ethical considerations, cultural contexts, and the integration of assessment data into psychological practice are emphasized, providing students with a foundation for interpreting results and understanding the complexities involved in measuring personality traits and patterns.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following approaches, which places the least emphasis on conscious determinants of behavior?
A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Trait
D) Psychoanalytic
Answer: D
Q2) Greg believes that aggressive behavior in his coworkers is an expression of frustration that results from unsatisfied basic needs. He believes in the A) cognitive approach.
B) biological approach.
C) behavioral/social learning approach.
D) humanistic approach.
Answer: D
Q3) State whether our behavior is shaped by the situation or by the kind of person we are and give three reasons for your answer. Distinguish between reactions that are the result of situational factors and those that result from intrapersonal processes.
Answer: NOT ANSWERED
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A personality researcher administered her new measure of self-esteem to a group of participants. She waited two weeks and then gave the test to the same people again. She found that scores on the test changed quite a bit during the two-week period. Many participants who had scored low during the first administration scored high the second time, and many who had scored high initially scored low on the second administration. What problem does the researcher have with the new test?
A) Poor reliability
B) Poor internal consistency
C) Poor congruent validity
D) Poor face validity
Answer: A
Q2) Some researchers try to understand personality with in-depth evaluations of individuals or groups of people. This approach is better known as A) the hypothesis-testing method.
B) the experimental approach.
C) the correlation coefficient.
D) the case study method.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The life instinct to which Freud attributed most of our behaviors is called A) id.
B) neurotic impulse.
C) libido.
D) the structural model.
Answer: C
Q2) When Freud was invited to give lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in 1909, his work was generally accepted by academic psychologists.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the ego and the id?
A) The ego's function is to thwart id impulses.
B) The ego and id work together to overcome powerful superego impulses.
C) The ego works to satisfy id impulses in a socially acceptable manner.
D) The ego works with the superego to block the expression of id impulses.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, the many theories of hypnosis can be roughly placed along a continuum depending on how they deal with the question of what is
A) posthypnotic amnesia.
B) the hypnotic trance.
C) the motivation behind hypnosis.
D) modifiability of susceptibility.
Q2) Researchers find that each of us tends to rely on some defense mechanisms more than others. They refer to these individual patterns as the person's A) coping style.
B) developmental level.
C) emotional maturity level.
D) defensive style.
Q3) Each person relies more on some defense mechanisms and less on others when the ego is threatened. Psychologists refer to this contrast as differences in A) defensive style.
B) ego strength.
C) preferred id impulses.
D) mental health.
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6
Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is correct about Adler's concept of striving for superiority?
A) A strong striving for superiority is most likely to develop in children who see their superiority over others very early in life.
B) Striving for superiority was one of many equally important motivational forces Adler used to explain achievement behavior.
C) Weak and helpless children are unlikely to develop a strong sense of striving for superiority.
D) Striving for superiority has its roots in a child's perception of personal inferiority.
Q2) The neo-Freudian theorist who named his approach analytic psychology was Erik Erikson.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To analyze personal narratives, judges may count the number of times certain themes are mentioned.
A)True
B)False
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7
Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to object relations theory, a child's relationship with his or her parents
A) is not as important as the child's relationship with peers. B) affects the way the child thinks of others in future relationships. C) is more important as the child grows older, especially in the adolescent years. D) is not as important as neo-Freudian theorists originally claimed.
Q2) Sam is facing a difficult midterm exam and is feeling stressed out about it. As the exam date approaches and his anxiety increases, Sam starts thinking about ways to study more effectively. He schedules a large portion of time for active study of the material on the test so that he is prepared. In terms of coping, which of the following is Sam's strategy?
A) Avoidance strategy
B) Emotion-focused strategy
C) Problem-focused strategy
D) Repression strategy
Q3) Discuss how Freud's original frustration-aggression hypothesis influenced research by behavioral psychologists on the topic. Give evidence that frustration is one cause of aggression. Define displacement and catharsis and specify their roles in aggressive behavior.
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following assumptions underlies the trait approach to personality?
A) Each person belongs in one and only one personality category.
B) We can place a person somewhere along a continuum of behaviors.
C) People in one personality category are distinctly different from people in other categories.
D) Personality can change as a function of the situation the person is in.
Q2) Recently, many researchers using factor analysis have uncovered what they believe to be the number of basic personality factors. How many of these factors did they find?
A) Three
B) Five
C) Sixteen
D) Sixteen to 20
Q3) Critics of the trait approach to personality have raised each of the following points except one. Which one?
A) Personality researchers do not measure behaviors correctly.
B) There is little evidence for cross?situational consistency.
C) Psychologists place too much emphasis on personality test scores when making psychological diagnoses.
D) Trait measures do not predict behavior well.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shy people are more likely than nonshy people to be polite.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Type A people often find more easygoing people a source of frustration.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Researchers find that people high in negative affect also tend to have a higher number of health complaints. This is probably because
A) they have more health problems than most people.
B) they complain more than most people.
C) they have more health problems and they complain more than most people.
D) they are low in positive affect.
Q4) Research finds that shy people deliberately keep conversations short and polite and avoid potentially controversial or embarrassing topics. Some researchers point to these findings to suggest that social anxiety is caused by excessive
A) fear of strangers.
B) fear of the unknown.
C) evaluation apprehension.
D) need for control.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to temperament researchers, which statement is correct about inhibited children?
A) They will grow up to be shy adults.
B) They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty.
C) At least half of all American children can be identified as "inhibited."
D) They cannot be identified until about the age of five.
Q2) Recent research challenges one aspect of Eysenck's original theory, suggesting that extraverts and introverts differ in terms of their
A) level of cortical arousal.
B) impulsiveness.
C) sensitivity to stimulation.
D) ability to concentrate.
Q3) Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children. This research can be used to argue that
A) a child's personality resembles a "blank slate."
B) all children are born shy, but many learn to overcome it.
C) temperament is at least partly inherited.
D) there are important evolutionary reasons for shyness.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are, according to research, more likely to be
A) neurotics.
B) extraverts.
C) introverts
D) of no particular personality.
Q2) One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed
A) are so very different that comparisons cannot be made.
B) are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways.
C) are highly specialized for adoptive parenting.
D) allow the same genetic influences to emerge.
Q3) One reason for the resistance by psychologists to acknowledge the important role of biology in human personality is that the
A) biological determinants of personality matter little.
B) blank slate view has such great appeal.
C) field of psychology is determined to remain separate from biology.
D) results of biologically-based research can always be explained without reference to genetic factors.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) You ask a person to provide a real-self profile and an ideal-self profile with a Q-Sort. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles if the person is approaching fully functioning?
A) -.60
B) .00
C) .30
D) .60
Q2) After a woman has more or less satisfied all of the needs on Maslow's hierarchy except the last one, what need will now have a strong influence on her behavior?
A) The need to perceive herself as competent and achieving
B) The need to experience nonpossessive, unselfish love (B-love)
C) The need to develop her full potential, to be her true self
D) The need for self-respect
Q3) Describe how Maslow went about studying psychologically healthy people. List each of the characteristics of the self-actualized individual he found and define what he meant by peak experience. List and define each of the five levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, giving your own example of a need at each level.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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60 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) When high self-esteem people are confronted with a negative evaluation, they
A) easily blame others for the results.
B) tell themselves how well they do in other areas.
C) distort the outcome or deny the evaluation.
D) begin to self-disclose at higher rates.
Q2) Studies of couples in long-term romantic relationships find
A) little or no relationship between self-disclosure and marital satisfaction.
B) self-disclosure in a marriage is a reliable predictor of marital satisfaction.
C) people who generally are high self-disclosers are more satisfied with their long-term relationships.
D) people who generally disclose very little to others are more satisfied with their long-term relationships.
Q3) People _________ continually put their self-worth on the line when they interact with and are evaluated by others.
A) who are low in self-esteem
B) who are high in self-esteem
C) with contingencies of self-worth
D) with stable feelings of self-worth
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14
Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every time a boy visited his grandfather, he would pass a house with a large dog in the yard that would bark and scare the boy. Years later, the boy becomes anxious whenever he visits his grandfather, even though the dog is no longer there. The boy learned to become anxious in this situation through which process?
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Punishment
Q2) Critics of behaviorism have raised each of the following points except one. Which one?
A) Studies with laboratory animals have limited use when explaining human behavior. B) Heredity plays a larger role in personality than behaviorists acknowledge.
C) The therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles appear to be ineffective.
D) Cognition plays a larger role in behavior than strict behaviorists acknowledge.
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) What might you expect to find when you compare the success rates of internals and externals undergoing a stop?smoking treatment?
A) The internals will do better.
B) The externals will do better.
C) The internals will do better if allowed to feel they control the treatment.
D) The internals will do better if they believe the therapist can do something to control their smoking for them.
Q2) Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on
A) self-efficacy.
B) locus of control.
C) behavior therapy.
D) learned helplessness.
Q3) Define locus of control and distinguish between internals and externals. Discuss the relationship between locus of control and well-being and include evidence with regard to personal achievement and psychotherapy.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?
A) Activating experience
B) Irrational Belief
C) Emotional Consequence
D) Self-defeating thinking
Q2) According to Kelly, psychological problems are caused by
A) past traumatic experiences.
B) unloving parents.
C) inadequate construct systems.
D) using irrational logic to explain events.
Q3) Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units?
A) They are basically the same for everyone.
B) They are equally accessible in memory.
C) How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated.
D) Cognitive therapists try to reduce the number of cognitive-affective units in their clients.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Depressed patients in one study were asked to recall personal experiences associated with words from a list. The researchers found patients were more likely to recall unhappy experiences when feeling particularly depressed. This finding supports which concept?
A) Learned helplessness
B) Negative schema
C) Explanatory style
D) Locus of control
Q2) Research comparing the memories of men and women tend to find that
A) men recall more information than women.
B) women recall more information than men.
C) women recall more information about emotions, whereas men recall more nonemotional information.
D) men recall more information about their relationships, whereas women recall more information about emotions.
Q3) Aggressive scripts that have been practiced are the most likely to be ignored first.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Which of the following approaches to personality is based less on empirical research and more on observations during psychotherapy?
A) Trait approach
B) Behavioral/social learning approach
C) Cognitive approach
D) Humanistic approach
Q2) One component of Type A that is a relatively strong predictor of health problems is A) frustration.
B) need for Achievement.
C) anger and hostility.
D) the toxic component.
Q3) The ____ was developed to measure individual differences proposed by ___ _ .
A) Rorschach inkblot test; Adler
B) Rep Test; Kelly
C) California Q-Sort; Kelly
D) MMPI; Allport
Q4) List specific ways in which social learning theory provides a bridge between traditional behaviorism and the more recent cognitive approaches to personality.
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