Personality and Social Contexts Exam Review
Course Introduction
This course explores how personality develops and is influenced within various social contexts, examining the dynamic interplay between individual traits and environmental factors. Students will investigate major theories of personality, the role of culture and society in shaping personal identity, and the impact of relationships and group dynamics on behavior. Through research-based insights and real-world examples, the course emphasizes how social interactions, cultural expectations, and situational variables contribute to our understanding of human personality, ultimately fostering a deeper appreciation for the complexity of individual differences in diverse social environments.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Social Psychology 6th Edition by
David G. Myers
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964 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Doing Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) found that the height of graveyard markers in a Glasgow cemetery was positively correlated with
A) gender.
B) race.
C) affluence.
D) longevity.
Answer: D
Q2) A major requirement of the ethical principles of social-psychological research is that the researcher
A) use random sampling and assignment.
B) protect participants from harm and significant discomfort.
C) refrain from using any deception in the research design.
D) ensure that all participants know what is expected of them.
Answer: B
Q3) As a result of random assignment,the people in both groups of an experiment
A) differ in important ways.
B) do not know which group they are in.
C) are less likely to be alike.
D) are more likely to average about the same in every way.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Did You Know It All Along
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Sample Questions
Q1) The I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon can often lead students of social psychology
A) to over-prepare for an exam.
B) to study just the right amount for an exam.
C) to under-prepare for an exam.
D) None of these.
Answer: C
Q2) Amy reads a research article and feels like it didn't tell her anything she didn't already know.Amy's experience illustrates the A) hindsight bias.
B) foresight bias.
C) confirmation bias.
D) correspondence bias.
Answer: A
Q3) The conclusion to be drawn from research on the hindsight bias is that our common sense is usually A) wrong.
B) wrong after the fact.
C) right.
D) right after the fact.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I
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Q1) When asked to describe himself,Joe says he is part of a fraternity on campus,the son of Barbara and Kevin,and Sally's boyfriend.Kitayama and Markus would lable Phil's as displaying a(n)
A) transparent self.
B) independent self.
C) interdependent self.
D) construed self.
Answer: C
Q2) had undergraduate students enter a room wearing Barry Manilow t-shirts.This study explored which concept mentioned in the text?
A) transparency effect
B) audience effect
C) spotlight effect
D) headlight effect
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Self-Serving Bias
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sally has been doing well in her statistics class so far this term.Despite her previous success on exams,Sally is still worried that she will not do well on her upcoming test so she studies extra hard.Which of the following best accounts for Sally's study pattern?
A) defensive pessimism
B) unrealistic optimism
C) false uniqueness
D) false consensus
Q2) Assuming that other people are as prejudiced against a certain group as we are can easily be explained by
A) unrealistic optimism.
B) the self-serving bias.
C) the false uniqueness effect.
D) the false consensus effect.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the self-serving bias is adaptive?
A) It helps protect from depression.
B) It makes us feel less vulnerable to risks such as AIDS.
C) It can motivate us to achieve.
D) It helps to buffer stress.
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Chapter 5: The Power of Positive Thinking
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Q1) Self-efficacy is similar to self-esteem in that both _______ our accomplishments. A) increase with B) decrease with C) are independent of D) contribute to
Q2) ,teen gang leaders,extreme ethnocentrists and terrorists have A) high self-esteem.
B) low self-esteem.
C) high self-efficacy.
D) low self-efficacy.
Q3) A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one's A) self-esteem.
B) self-aggrandizement. C) self-worth.
D) self-efficacy.
Q4) Review the evidence that supports the "dark side of high self-esteem."
Q5) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Q6) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and locus of control.
Q7) Discuss the differences between internal and an external locus of control.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Fundamental Attribution Error
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Sample Questions
Q1) ,participants observed a suspect confessing during a police interview.The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as genuine when they viewed the confession
A) live.
B) through a two-way mirror.
C) through a camera focused on the suspect.
D) through a camera focused on the detective.
Q2) Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that
A) offer more direct support to the poor.
B) are unsympathetic to the poor.
C) tend to blame the poor for their problems.
D) are more neutral regarding poverty and unemployment.
Q3) Describe an example of how the actor-observer difference could play a role in racist beliefs.
Q4) Provide an example of the fundamental attribution error,and be sure to explain why the error is considered "fundamental."
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8
Chapter 7: The Powers and Perils of Intuition
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Q1) Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event,but during the finals week of August,you remember it as being a fantastic time.This is an example of A) the perseverance bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the correspondence bias.
D) rosy retrospection.
Q2) Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and cleaned the house,but she ran out of time.This is an example of A) belief perseverance.
B) the planning fallacy.
C) confirmation bias.
D) heuristic problems.
Q3) Explain how journalists can fall prey to cognitive bias in news-making.
Q4) The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the A) perseverance bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) correspondence bias.
D) overconfidence phenomenon.
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9
Chapter 8: Reasons for Unreason
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Sample Questions
Q1) Expectations can often predict behavior because
A) the expectations are accurate.
B) the expectations are a coincidence.
C) behavior is easily predicted.
D) we are overconfident.
Q2) Describe how behavioral confirmation can take place in a classroom.
Q3) Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes,robberies and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic.
A) availability
B) representativeness
C) vividness
D) matching
Q4) The "Kulechov effect" (named after a Russian film director)is another illustration of A) the principle of belief perseverance.
B) confirmation bias.
C) false memories.
D) how our preconceptions determine our subsequent perceptions of emotion.
Q5) What is illusory thinking and what are its effects?
Q6) Provide examples of the availability heuristic.
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Chapter 9: Behavior and Belief
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Q1) Research in France found that having people first sign a petition against landmines increased the likelihood that Internet users would contribute to a fund for victims of landmines.This is an example of the _______ phenomenon.
A) foot-in-the-door
B) low-ball
C) compliance
D) conformity
Q2) Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT
A) feelings.
B) behavioral tendencies or actions.
C) beliefs or thoughts.
D) aptitudes.
Q3) Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal,but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store,her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh.Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude?
A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) self-perception theory
C) reinforcement theory
D) role-playing theory
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Clinical Intuition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait,they tend to ask questions that show evidence of
A) the confirmation bias.
B) the illusion of control.
C) negative attributional styles.
D) illusory correlations.
Q2) Discuss how the hindsight bias and self-confirming diagnoses can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.
Q3) Myers suggests that clinicians may continue to have confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to A) the inoculation effect.
B) learned helplessness.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) illusory correlations.
Q4) Define illusory correlation.Provide an example of it from your own life.
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12
Chapter 11: Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you
A) are alone most of the time.
B) have lost a significant relationship.
C) have less numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
D) are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.
Q2) Jose's clinical psychologist diagnosed him as suffering from depression.Which of the following is not likely to be true of Jose's explanatory style after he fails his psychology test?
A) His failure on the test will affect everything else in his life.
B) It is his fault he failed the test.
C) He will never do well in school.
D) His teacher hates him.
Q3) examined how depressed individuals view the extent of their personal control over events.Their results provided evidence of the phenomenon known as A) optimistic well-being.
B) pessimistic exaggeration.
C) depressive realism.
D) learned helplessness.
Q4) Discuss the goal of explanatory style therapy for individuals with depression.
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Chapter 12: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) ,people are more than _____ likely to disobey social rules when it appears others were doing so.
A) twice
B) three times
C) four times
D) five times
Q2) How would evolutionary psychology explain Brown's universal norm that forms of address communicate social status and that advances in intimacy are initiated by the higher status person?
Q3) Which of the following is a universal norm according to the textbook?
A) cannibalism
B) incest
C) female genital mutilation
D) public nudity
Q4) Some norms are culture-specific,while others are universal.The universality of some norms is accounted for by
A) the force of culture.
B) genetic diversity.
C) cultural similarities.
D) genetic predispositions.
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Chapter 13: Gender, Genes, and Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities,such as a prosecuting attorney.
A) the young
B) the elderly
C) men
D) women
Q2) found that teen males reported _______ as most important if left alone in a room with a teen female.
A) being witty
B) earning good grades
C) having lots of money
D) showing one's sensitive side
Q3) Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because
A) males outnumber females.
B) each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.
C) males and females are socialized differently.
D) of differences in brain chemistry.
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Chapter 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted
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Sample Questions
Q1) In light of the Milgram studies,which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience?
A) the victim's emotional distance
B) the victim's physical distance
C) the authority's closeness and legitimacy
D) whether or not the authority was institutionalized
Q2) When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport,Connecticut,far from the prestige and authority of Yale University,the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _______ compared to the Yale rate.
A) remained unchanged
B) decreased
C) increased slightly
D) increased significantly
Q3) If we were to conclude that Milgram's obedient participants were particularly hostile and aggressive people,we would be
A) making a correct inference.
B) committing the fundamental attribution error.
C) ignoring the power of behavior to shape attitudes.
D) ignoring the strength of positive internal dispositions.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Two Routes to Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues,such as a speaker's attractiveness.
A) peripheral
B) central
C) logical
D) image
Q2) You have been hired to develop an informational campaign to prevent junior high school students from taking up smoking.Your boss wants you to use a scare-tactic approach.What must you do to construct a fear-appeal that is maximally effective?
Q3) Lately you have noticed that your favorite athlete is on your cereal box,highway billboards for sports beverages,and television commercials for running shoes.What type of marketing strategy is being used to persuade you to purchase these products?
A) intelligent
B) savvy
C) central route
D) peripheral route
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Chapter 16: Indoctrination and Inoculation
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Q1) Cults like Jim Jones's People's Temple typically recruit and retain members by using A) the sleeper effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) the recency effect.
D) attitude inoculation.
Q2) Compared to propaganda,education is
A) more factually based.
B) more coercive.
C) less believable.
D) less interesting.
Q3) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code,which was against the students' own positions,the students were
A) willing to write the essays.
B) willing to write the essays if they were paid.
C) not willing to write the essays.
D) not willing to write the essays even if they were paid.
Q4) Explain attitude inoculation and how it affects persuasive appeals.
Q5) Explain the principles and techniques you would use to become a cult leader.
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Chapter 17: The Mere Presence of Others
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Sample Questions
Q1) On exam day,a student you do not know sits near you.This person is best described as a(n)
A) confederate.
B) co-actor.
C) ingroup member.
D) comrade.
Q2) The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has A) helped confirm the theory.
B) guided new exploration of research topics.
C) suggested practical applications.
D) been misused by industries.
Q3) The tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of
A) the groupthink effect.
B) the social facilitation effect.
C) social loafing.
D) deindividuation.
Q4) Explain the role of evaluation apprehension in social facilitation.
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Chapter 18: Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility
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Q1) At your factory job,output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced.Because of this evaluation procedure,your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer,your behavior is now characterized by _______.
A) deindividuation; groupthink
B) groupthink; deindividuation
C) social loafing; social facilitation
D) social facilitation; social loafing
Q2) When is social loafing least likely and most likely to occur?
Q3) People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if
A) their efforts are not rewarded.
B) rewards are divided according to individual effort.
C) rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.
D) they are individually monitored.
Q4) People in groups will loaf less when the A) task is challenging, important, or involving.
B) task is difficult.
C) group members do not know each other.
D) task is not rewarded.
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Q1) Whenever your friend Ted surfs online,he writes terribly harsh letters to strangers using a bogus email address.Ted's behavior can likely be attributed to the role of _______ in deindividuation.
A) group size
B) physical anonymity
C) arousing activities
D) culture
Q2) A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension,which can occur in group situations,is called
A) groupthink.
B) social loafing.
C) group polarization.
D) deindividuation.
Q3) The relationship between group size and the probability of deindividuation occurring is
A) positive.
B) negative.
C) neutral.
D) curvilinear.
Q4) Compare and contrast social loafing,social facilitation,and deindividuation.
Page 21
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Chapter 20: How Do Groups Intensify Decisions
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Q1) Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus.When discussing important policy decisions,the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also
A) isolated from dissenting viewpoints.
B) composed of majority and minority students.
C) well-informed regarding both sides of the issue.
D) aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions.
Q2) Maggie favors the death penalty.In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates,she hears arguments for this position that she has never considered before.After the discussion,her opinion is more extreme.This outcome is best explained by
A) informational influence processes.
B) normative influence processes.
C) the reactance theory.
D) the social comparison theory.
Q3) The illusion of unanimity in a group is one aspect of A) social facilitation.
B) deindividuation.
C) groupthink.
D) rationalization.
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Chapter 21: Power to the Person
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Q1) Myers mentions that ardent political liberals are unlikely to live in suburban Dallas.This is an example of how
A) the social situation affects different people differently.
B) people choose their social situations.
C) people create their social situations.
D) geography affects people.
Q2) High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually.When Aisha's parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady.Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of
A) the false uniqueness effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the self-serving bias.
D) psychological reactance.
Q3) Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
A) make use of two-sided rather than one-sided appeals.
B) unswervingly stick to their position.
C) argue positions that are greatly discrepant from the majority position.
D) show respect for the majority position.
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Page 23
Chapter 22: The Reach of Prejudice
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Q1) Summarize the research on racial attitudes in the U.S.from the 1940s to current times.
Q2) Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT A) affects.
B) behavioral tendencies.
C) cognitions.
D) stereotypes.
Q3) A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called A) racism.
B) discrimination.
C) sexism.
D) prejudice.
Q4) Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks,she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason.She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call
A) overt discrimination.
B) automatic processing.
C) modern racism.
D) hidden racism.
Q5) Provide an example of hostile sexism and an example of benevolent sexism.
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Chapter 23: The Roots of Prejudice
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Q1) had women who falsely believed that they appeared disfigured by theatrical makeup interact with a female partner.Results indicated that women who thought they were disfigured
A) interacted for a longer period of time with their partners.
B) interacted for a shorter period of time with their partners.
C) rated their partners as more tense, distant, and patronizing.
D) rated their partners as warmer, more open, and friendlier.
Q2) Review the research on how distinctiveness can breed stereotypes.
Q3) Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy.Mary's thinking is an example of the _______ phenomenon.
A) retribution
B) just-world
C) ingroup bias
D) stereotype invulnerability
Q4) A tendency to favor one's group is called A) ethnocentrism.
B) an ingroup bias.
C) an outgroup bias. D) social dominance.
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Chapter 24: The Nature and Nurture of Aggression
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Q1) What is aggression? Based on your own experiences,give an example of instrumental aggression.
Q2) How intense and reactive we are in infancy reflects our A) serotonin levels.
B) aggressive instinct.
C) temperament.
D) social learning.
Q3) Explain Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory.
Q4) ,the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of A) gender.
B) age.
C) anger.
D) neurotransmitters.
Q5) Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can A) elicit frustration.
B) sensitize one to the dangers of violence.
C) prime aggressive thoughts.
D) produce catharsis.
Q6) Review the research on aggression cues and violence.
Q7) Explain the social learning approach to controlling aggression.
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Chapter 25: Do the Media Influence Social Behavior
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Q1) American youth who frequently go to violent websites were ____ likely to report engaging in violent behavior.
A) 5 times more
B) 5 times less
C) 10 times more
D) 10 times less
Q2) As part of therapy,a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility.The therapist apparently believes in
A) the social learning theory.
B) Parkinson's second law.
C) the catharsis hypothesis.
D) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
Q3) Viewing sexually violent movies _______ men to brutality and results in _______ for domestic violence victims.
A) sensitizes; less sympathy
B) sensitizes; more sympathy
C) desensitizes; less sympathy
D) desensitizes; more sympathy
Q4) found to be associated with video games.
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Chapter 26: Who Likes Whom
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Q1) At a party,Ellie meets Rob and Blake.The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening.By the end of the evening,Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye,whereas she and Rob see things differently.All else being equal,Ellie will probably like
A) Rob better.
B) Blake better.
C) Rob and Blake equally.
D) neither Rob nor Blake.
Q2) Summarize the research on physical attractiveness and attraction.
Q3) You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room.One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make.Research suggests you will likely
A) send rude and nasty comments to the chat room.
B) become more independent and less conforming to others.
C) lash out at your younger sibling once you finish your chat session.
D) experience stress and a depressed mood.
Q4) List and briefly explain the four factors that lead to initial attraction.
Q5) Why is the complementarity hypothesis so widely believed despite the fact that attraction research repeatedly fails to confirm it?
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Chapter 27: The Ups and Downs of Love
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Q1) According to Berscheid,what is the formula for passionate love?
A) lust + adrenaline
B) adrenaline + attachment
C) lust + attachment
D) attachment + dopamine
Q2) In Rubin's research,"strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they talked more to each other.
A) gazed more into each other's eyes.
B) smiled less at each other.
C) displayed more jealousy.
Q3) Describe the characteristics of marriage that are most likely to last,and contrast those with predictors of marital dissolution.
Q4) According to the text,the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to A) define and measure it.
B) manipulate it.
C) control all other factors that might influence it.
D) study the factors that might influence it.
Q5) Provide an example of the disclosure reciprocity effect.
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Chapter 28: Causes of Conflict
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Q1) gave Japanese students opportunities to harvest trees in a simulated forest for money.When the students equally shared the costs of planting the forest,the result was that
A) most of the trees were left to grow too tall for harvesting because the students bickered about the criterion to be used in sharing profits.
B) most of the trees were harvested before they had grown to the most profitable size. C) none of the trees were harvested because the collectivist students did not want to be the first to ask for his or her share.
D) students made maximum profit not only for themselves individually but for the group.
Q2) Attempting to explain other's behavior dispositionally is a characteristic of A) the Prisoner's Dilemma.
B) the Commons Dilemma.
C) both dilemmas.
D) neither dilemma.
Q3) What is your ideal definition of justice in an intimate relationship? Is it the same as your ideal definition of justice in the realm of economics? Why or why not?
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Chapter 29: Blessed Are the Peacemakers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aronson's jigsaw technique involved having elementary school children
A) study in small, racially mixed teams and then compete with other teams in a class tournament.
B) form academically and racially diverse groups with each member of the group becoming an expert in one area.
C) role-play being members of another race for two-week periods.
D) take turns telling each other about their family backgrounds in small-group discussions.
Q2) Define and provide an example of each of the C's of peacemaking.
Q3) Why do common external threats and superordinate goals both lead to greater cooperation between conflicting parties?
Q4) David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy,until finally they went to their children for a decision.David and Julie relied on _______ to resolve their conflict.
A) mediation
B) bargaining
C) conciliation
D) arbitration
Q5) Define and provide an example of GRIT.
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Chapter 30: When Do People Help
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Q1) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room,and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent.Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______.
A) in groups; less than five seconds
B) alone; less than five seconds.
C) on a challenging task; about 20 seconds
D) on a rote task; less than five seconds
Q2) found that _______ greatly decreased intervention.
A) social alienation
B) a lack of empathy
C) the presence of other bystanders
D) self-concern
Q3) Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of A) situational influences.
B) personality traits.
C) mood factors.
D) selfish genes.
Q4) Define altruism and provide an example of it.
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Chapter 31: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future
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Q1) A source of hope for a sustainable future is
A) cloning.
B) reduced consumption.
C) moderating global temperatures.
D) high birth rates in technologically advanced countries.
Q2) Describe the pattern of changes that have occurred in personal income,happiness,and depression since 1957 in the United States.
Q3) How have the values of U.S.college students changed since 1971?
Q4) Define and provide an example of the adaptation-level phenomenon.
Q5) Why does materialism fail to satisfy?
Q6) The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation,and notice and react to changes from that level defines
A) social comparison.
B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.
C) relative deprivation.
D) Parkinson's second law.
Q7) What does Myers say about whether or not rich people are happier?
Q8) Define and provide an example of the upward social comparison.
Q9) Describe the effects of global warming.
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