Perception and Attention
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Perception and Attention explores the fundamental cognitive processes that enable humans to interpret sensory information and selectively focus on relevant stimuli in their environment. The course examines how perception allows us to construct a meaningful representation of the world from visual, auditory, and other sensory inputs, and how attention mechanisms facilitate the prioritization and processing of specific information amidst distractions. Topics include the neural and psychological foundations of perception, theories of attention, perceptual organization, attentional selection, and real-world applications such as visual search and multitasking. Through a combination of empirical research, theoretical models, and practical examples, students gain insights into the ways perception and attention shape everyday experiences and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as
A) cognitive psychology.
B) behaviorism.
C) artificial intelligence.
D) flow diagramming.
Answer: C
Q2) The "cognitive revolution"
A) occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers.
B) extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments.
C) was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.
D) was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment?
A) Positron emission tomography scanner
B) Functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner
C) Microelectrode
D) Neurotransmitter
Answer: C
Q2) If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
A) brick wall.
B) chain link fence.
C) solid wall.
D) picket fence.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called A) neuropsychology.
B) functional localization.
C) positron emission tomography.
D) the subtraction technique.
Answer: A
Q2) Things that form patterns that are meaningful are likely to be grouped together according to the law of A) simplicity.
B) similarity.
C) pragnanz.
D) familiarity.
Answer: D
Q3) The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as A) brain ablation.
B) dissociation.
C) fMRI.
D) EEG.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Attention
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Q1) In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.
A) letter pairs; aware
B) letter pairs; unaware
C) ambiguous sentences; aware
D) ambiguous sentences; unaware
Q2) Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements
A) usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second.
B) were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene.
C) were determined primarily by the task.
D) continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.
Q3) Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
A) the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed.
B) the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store.
C) only a select set of environmental information enters the system.
D) incoming information is selected by the detector.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) Define working memory.Explain the functions of each of the three components of working memory and provide experimental evidence for the phonological loop, making sure you describe 1)the phonological similarity effect, 2)the word-length effect, and 3)articulatory suppression.
Q2) If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?
A) He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.
B) He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color.
C) He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice.
D) He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.
Q3) Explain Sperling's experiments about sensory memory.Compare and contrast the results of the whole- vs.partial-report methods, and use this example to explain how clever experimentation can reveal rapid cognitive processes that we are usually unaware of.
Q4) A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with A) STM B) LTM
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line.Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)
A) auditory code in short-term memory.
B) auditory code in long-term memory.
C) iconic code in short-term memory.
D) iconic code in long-term memory.
Q2) In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again.With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of A) repetition priming.
B) distributed practice.
C) reconsolidation.
D) mental time travel.
Q3) Loss of memory for things that have happened in the past is known as A) anterograde amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) the primacy effect.
D) the serial effect.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
A) Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
B) Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.
C) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
D) Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Q2) Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
A) presynaptic neuron.
B) postsynaptic neuron.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) synapse.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
A) omissions of information that was presented.
B) participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was.
C) creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
D) confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.
Q2) Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
A) failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
B) inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
C) source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.
D) increased confidence due to postevent questioning.
Q3) An important application of memory research has been in understanding the nature of eyewitness testimony.Citing the research in your text, explain why people make errors in eyewitness testimony.
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
A) exemplar
B) definitional
C) family resemblance
D) prototype
Q2) Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model.However, their revised model was not immune to criticism.One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it
A) cannot explain exceptions to category properties (e.g., account for the fact that an ostrich can't fly while most birds can).
B) is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.
C) is so inflexible that it has been easy to falsify.
D) explains the length of links as resulting from a person's past experiences.
Q3) Explain cognitive economy as it applies to the semantic network approach.How are properties or characteristics represented within the semantic network? How is category relation represented within the semantic network? Explain how atypical category members are represented.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line.Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself.She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.
A) mental chronometry
B) mental synthesis
C) visual imagery
D) inner audition
Q2) The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.
A) spatial
B) propositional
C) tacit
D) neuron
Q3) Describe the evidence showing that solving mechanical problems can involve mental simulation, and explain how this evidence relates to visual imagery.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of
A) parsing.
B) temporary ambiguity.
C) speech segmentation.
D) lexical priming.
Q2) Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT
A) the context produced by the sentence.
B) the portion of the word that was presented.
C) the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme.
D) a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) Dr.Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem.By doing this, Dr.Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving.
The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile.One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby.In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed.Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?
A) analogies
B) anaphoric interference
C) perceptual segregation
D) divergent thinking
Q2) The radiation problem can be solved using A) representation and restructuring.
B) means-end analysis.
C) warmth judgments.
D) mental set.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Q1) The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision making.
A) positive vs. negative outcomes
B) opt-in vs. opt-out procedures
C) justification
D) utility
Q2) People tend to overestimate
A) what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
B) what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings.
C) what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.
D) subjective utility values following a decision.
Q3) A syllogism is valid if
A) the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.
B) the two premises and the conclusion are true.
C) there is evidence to support the two premises.
D) there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.
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