Peoples and Cultures Solved
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the diverse cultures and societies that shape our world, examining the ways in which people live, interact, and make meaning. Focusing on cultural practices, beliefs, languages, social structures, and historical contexts, students will gain insights into both differences and similarities among global populations. Through ethnographic case studies, readings, and discussions, the course encourages students to think critically about issues of identity, power, globalization, and cultural change, fostering an appreciation for cultural diversity and the complexities of human societies.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 1st Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) Describe how changes in transportation technology in the nineteenth century led to the development of anthropology.
Answer: Advances in transportation technology rapidly transformed long-distance movement of people and goods. This allowed regular travel and trade to new and varied places. Merchants, missionaries, and government officials came back with tales and artifacts of the incredible diversity of human cultures and appearances they had encountered. Anthropology developed as people began to try to understand this diversity.
Q2) It is impossible to study a local community today without considering the effect of:
A) climate change.
B) diversity.
C) increased migration.
D) global forces.
E) time-space compression.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Culture is more than a set of ideas or patterns of behavior shared by a group of people because it also includes which of the following general mechanisms created by people to promote and maintain their core values?
A) religious preferences
B) powerful influences
C) platonic ideas
D) coercive powers
E) powerful institutions
Answer: E
Q2) The concept of culture has been central to anthropology only since the 1870s, when ________crafted its first formal definition.
A) Franz Boas
B) Edward Burnett Tylor
C) Bronislaw Malinowski
D) Margaret Mead
E) Charles Darwin
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) Ethnography written for government agencies and nongovernmental organizations that addresses problems in the community is known as ________ anthropology.
A) unethical
B) reflexive
C) authoritative
D) experimental
E) public
Answer: E
Q2) Anthropologists make great efforts to protect informants' anonymity:
A) in publications, although it is acceptable to use subjects' real names in research notes.
B) for communities, but not when discussing lives of community members.
C) when working in their own societies, but this is not necessary if working abroad.
D) when referring to individuals in research notes and publications.
E) when writing about sensitive topics within a community.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) As new speech communities have been formed through the digital activism of the Arab Spring, a new ________ that includes events, names, and ideas pertaining to social protest has also emerged.
A) mock language
B) prestige language
C) lexicon
D) set of phonemes
E) syntax
Q2) A nonstandard variation of a language is referred to as a:
A) prestige language.
B) type of displacement.
C) speech community.
D) morpheme.
E) dialect.
Q3) What types of evidence have anthropologists drawn on to approximate when humans first began to use language? Using examples, analyze how genetic and archaeological information have been used to determine when the human capacity for speech evolved. How did language enhance the ability of humans to survive and adapt to inhospitable environments?
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Human Origins
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Q1) Mutations are often caused by an environmental agent or spontaneously with no impact on an individual's health. However, without mutations there would be no evolution. Explain.
Q2) Calculations of DNA mutation rates indicate that Native Americans were derived from northeast Asians who migrated to the Americas about:
A) 15,000 years ago.
B) 30,000 years ago.
C) 100,000 years ago.
D) 150,000 years ago.
E) 200,000 years ago.
Q3) Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:
A) developmental adaptations.
B) physiological adaptations.
C) genetic adaptations.
D) cultural adaptations.
E) acclimatization.
Q4) What are the five categories in which paleoanthropologists have grouped our immediate ancestors? Briefly define each.
Q5) Contrast the two theories on the ultimate fate of the Neandertals.
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Chapter 6: Race and Racism
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Q1) When cultural institutions, policies, and systems such as school and justice systems are used to enforce discrimination based on imagined differences among groups, this is known as:
A) racialization.
B) racial ideology.
C) profiling.
D) institutional racism.
E) fascism.
Q2) A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal is referred to as:
A) colonialism.
B) fascism.
C) nativism.
D) racialization.
E) racial ideology.
Q3) Explain how the race system developed in Malaysia.
Q4) Identify three reasons why anthropologists feel that the concept of "race" is a flawed system of classification, and give an example to support each reason.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) In a brief essay, compare and contrast how the Bafokeng and Native American tribes have formed corporations to achieve specific goals. Use specific examples from the class to illustrate your answer.
Q2) In the 1920s, Italian immigrants were considered dark, strange, and often subhuman by the "white" majority in the United States, who were then primarily of northern European descent. But today, the descendents of these immigrants are considered ordinary "white" folk. This demonstrates the concept of:
A) segregation.
B) nationalization.
C) incorporation.
D) indoctrination.
E) assimilation.
Q3) When a group of people share a common culture, sense of ancestry, and country, this political entity is called a:
A) state.
B) society.
C) nation-state.
D) nation.
E) mandate.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender:
A) stratification.
B) roles.
C) stereotypes.
D) performance.
E) construction.
Q2) The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:
A) all cultures construct masculinity in the same way.
B) conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting.
C) each culture constructs masculinity differently, but are always internally consistent in that construction.
D) machismo really has nothing to do with masculinity at all.
E) masculinity is constructed variably across and within cultures, but is always conceived and performed consistently by individuals.
Q3) Discuss ways that women's participation in the migratory process, including their role in "the global care chain," reflects both gender role stereotypes and economic inequalities in the twenty-first century.
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Chapter 9: Sexuality
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Q1) Machismo is defined as:
A) homosexuality in Latin American countries.
B) a ritual of initiation among Nigerian men.
C) a ritual of initiation among men in Papua New Guinea.
D) a strong, sometimes exaggerated performance of masculinity.
E) a dance performance among women in Mexican brothels.
Q2) Initiation ceremonies among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea involve the transfer of semen between:
A) older men and young men.
B) young men and their wives.
C) young men and older women.
D) young men and other men in their age cohort.
E) older men and other men in their age cohort.
Q3) Compare and contrast gay and lesbian commitment ceremonies with the traditional "white wedding." How might the differences between these rituals be minimized by the legalization of same-sex marriage? In what ways are gay and lesbian commitment ceremonies both rituals of acceptance and resistance?
Q4) Define sexuality and, using a minimum of three examples from the text, describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.
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Chapter 10: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?
A) a subsequent marriage
B) economic resources
C) the next generation
D) the political system
E) social norms
Q2) New kinship groups created through affinal relationships are:
A) linked through affinity and alliance, not through shared biology or common descent.
B) traced through consanguine or "blood" relatives.
C) distinguished by relation to a founding ancestor.
D) only achieved through arranged marriages.
E) found only in very few cultures.
Q3) One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:
A) ascent.
B) kinship.
C) family.
D) descent.
E) monogamy.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Class and Inequality
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Q1) Which of the following is a theory of poverty that considers poverty as pathology in that it is a result of an individual's personal failings stemming from a combination of dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values that make and keep the poor person poor?
A) Culture of Propensity
B) Culture of Dysfunction
C) Culture of Disparity
D) Culture of Poverty
E) Culture of Tenacity
Q2) Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of:
A) economies.
B) status.
C) power.
D) prestige.
E) class.
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Chapter 12: The Global Economy
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Q1) The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with:
A) John Keynes.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Karl Marx.
D) Henry Ford.
E) Immanuel Wallerstein.
Q2) Discuss where and when agricultural production is first seen in the historical record. What technologies does this subsistence strategy entail? Identify and explain changes that occur with the transition to the agricultural subsistence strategy, providing a total of three examples of social, political, and demographic changes that occur in societies practicing agriculture that occur with food production that are not seen in horticultural, pastoral, or foraging lifestyles.
Q3) The author does NOT discuss ________ as an example of ecological crisis.
A) monsoons and flooding in Bangladesh
B) heat waves and droughts in the United States
C) a rise in temperatures across the globe
D) food shortages despite farm mechanization
E) an increase in the number of underground aquifers in Asia
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Migration
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Q1) Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods:
A) governments regulate borders with passports and immigration inspectors.
B) the free movement of people is encouraged by border patrol agencies.
C) hometown associations attempt to block migrants from relocating to their communities.
D) governments place high excise taxes on migrants over the age of fifty-five.
E) international migration costs much less than ever before.
Q2) In the early twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of ________ migrated to Brazil, Peru, and Argentina to seek new economic opportunities.
A) Indonesians
B) Tongans
C) Chinese
D) Koreans
E) Japanese
Q3) According to the textbook, Muslim street vendors in New York City have long-standing ties that cross the Atlantic Ocean. Discuss how these merchants are an example of transnational entrepreneurial migrants. What is the importance of social networks in their experience?
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Politics and Power
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Q1) Groups of indigenous people like the Maasai, who live outside the direct control of the government of Tanzania and have had to form their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other political organizations to fight against the state's efforts to act as though they did not exist, are today known as:
A) tribes.
B) states.
C) groups.
D) chiefdoms.
E) bands.
Q2) Modernization of agricultural production in Malaysia led to increasing inequality between the rich and the poor, but the poor laborers were able to find ways to resist the domination of the wealthy without risking confrontation through foot-dragging, slowdowns, false compliance with regulations, theft, sabotage, trickery, and arson. These are all examples of:
A) action.
B) agency.
C) clout.
D) drive.
E) initiative.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Religion
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Q1) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz examines the role of symbols in religion. He argues that each symbol has deep meaning and evokes powerful emotions and motivations in the religion's followers. What are two different examples of religious symbols used in the world today? What meaning do the symbols have for the religious followers? What emotions and motivations do the symbols evoke in followers, and why? How do these symbols help followers make sense of their worlds? What purpose do these symbols likely serve regarding community life? Do you think symbols are imperative to religious beliefs and practices? Why or why not?
Q2) The anthropologist's task when examining religion is to try to capture the vivid inner life, sense of moral order, dynamic public expressions, and interactions with other systems of meaning and power. Based on your own experiences, how does religion inform an individual's inner life, sense of moral order, dynamic public expressions, and interactions with other systems of meaning and power? How does religion inform these aspects on a cultural or social level? What is the underlying purpose of religion within a cultural group or society? What do anthropologists have to offer to the exploration and understanding of world religions?
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Chapter 16: Health and Illness
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Q1) As discussed in the text, biomedical physicians diagnosed Lia Lee of Merced, California, as suffering from:
A) typhoid.
B) German measles.
C) appendicitis.
D) epilepsy.
E) soul loss.
Q2) The specialization of medical anthropology has grown significantly since the: A) 1920s.
B) 1940s.
C) 1960s.
D) 1980s.
E) turn of the twenty-first century.
Q3) The kuru epidemic essentially came to an end:
A) when Christian missionaries helped to eliminate cannibalism.
B) when the government began requiring neonatal care.
C) when the population developed a natural immunity.
D) with the introduction of penicillin and antibiotics.
E) once cremation became the norm in the region.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Art and Media
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Q1) In addition to intensifying the worldwide movement of people, money, data, goods, and services, ________ has transformed the flow of images and sounds through new media technologies.
A) visualization
B) socialization
C) globalization
D) migration
E) mediation
Q2) Ethnographic studies indicate that art produced by local peoples presented on the global scale:
A) can help the local producers establish a visible ethnic identity.
B) never attains the same economic value as high art.
C) has little impact on social dynamics within the producers' communities.
D) appeals only to hippies and members of the so-called counterculture.
E) has become so popular that most artists now cut out the middlemen.
Q3) Consider the global trade of West African "wood" and "mud" artwork. Are these objects "authentic"?
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