Peoples and Cultures of the World Test Questions
Course Introduction
Peoples and Cultures of the World explores the incredible diversity of human societies across the globe, examining how cultural practices, beliefs, social structures, and environments shape the lives of individuals and communities. Through comparative analysis and ethnographic case studies, students will gain insight into the ways people construct meaning, organize society, and interact with their environments, as well as how cultural identities are maintained and transformed in a rapidly changing world. The course encourages critical reflection on global interconnectedness and fosters appreciation for the complex tapestry of human culture.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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15 Chapters
979 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between a descriptive linguist and a sociolinguist. If you knew the last living speaker of a language and wanted to preserve that language, who would you call and why?
Answer: Descriptive linguists describe and record spoken languages and save them as written languages, while sociolinguists study language in its social and cultural context. Trying to save the language would be the domain of the descriptive linguist, who records and describes languages in order to construct a written language. Once you have a written language, you can preserve dictionaries, poetry, and stories of all sorts by simply writing them down. This makes it possible to save them for posterity. Languages have been brought back from the dead to millions of speakers. An example would be the Hebrew language of Israel.
Q2) What type of anthropologist studies people from a perspective that considers how humans have adapted to their environments over time?
A) physical anthropologist
B) linguistic anthropologist
C) paleoanthropologist
D) cultural anthropologist
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologists have uncovered evidence of vast trade networks throughout the entire continent of North America that long pre-date the arrival of Europeans. This exchange of material goods and cultural traits supports which of the following concepts?
A) stratification
B) diffusion
C) evolution
D) enculturation
Answer: B
Q2) Which anthropologist advocated most explicitly for thick description?
A) Clifford Geertz
B) Bronislaw Malinowski
C) Ruth Benedict
D) Margaret Mead
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one of the typical first steps taken during the planning stages of a fieldwork project?
A) identifying key informants
B) establishing rapport
C) charting kinship networks
D) conducting a literature review
Answer: D
Q2) Henry Lewis Morgan and Edward Burnett Tylor, two early anthropologists, had notably different approaches to anthropological research. In conducting his research, Tylor:
A) worked from his favorite armchair.
B) worked in the communities he was studying for years at a time.
C) applied statistical methods to the accounts of others.
D) conducted salvage ethnography of Native Americans.
Answer: A
Q3) Define zeros and explain their significance for ethnographers.
Answer: Zeros are the elements of a story or picture that are not told or seen; they are key details omitted from the conversation. This omission offers insight into which topics are too sensitive to discuss publicly.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) To investigate the focal vocabulary of a language in a particular community, a linguistic anthropologist would most likely:
A) search for genetic evidence for the origin of syntax and grammar among the current members of that community.
B) seek to discover words that offer sophisticated ways to describe local cultural realities.
C) set up experiments that show how that community uses language differently than others.
D) focus on the dialects that are present within the group based on where they live.
Q2) We communicate with verbal language, but sometimes words cannot convey everything. Sometimes we may unknowingly resort to a system of body movements as well as a collection of noises and tone of voice in order to fully convey what?
A) interest
B) sadness
C) emotions
D) enthusiasm
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Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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Q1) Chinese immigrants to the United States were quickly separated according to an arbitrary set of characteristics, including slight differences in skin color. The Irish immigrants were similarly segregated, despite having white skin. What was one of the bases on which the Irish were segregated and racialized?
A) intelligence
B) hypodescent
C) height
D) religion
Q2) For the seventy years leading up to 1860, the U.S. Census counted enslaved peoples as three-fifths of a person. This was done for what purpose?
A) to implement the process of racialization
B) as a means to maintain a strong economic system
C) in order to lay the groundwork for institutional racism
D) to uphold the idea of white supremacy
Q3) Explain how and why Jim Crow laws came to the American South.
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of individual racism with institutional racism. Provide examples from class to support your points.
Q5) Explain what is meant by the concept of "white privilege."
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) Define ethnic cleansing versus genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.
Q2) Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can shift. What is this process called?
A) situational negotiation of identity
B) citizenship
C) ethnic boundary marker
D) assimilation
Q3) In the opening discussion of Chapter 7, the author discusses how Jerome and Kevin-Prince Boateng have become soccer stars. Their father was Ghanian and their mothers were German; one played soccer for the German national team and the other played for the Ghanian national team. In a brief essay, explain how they can have different nationalities that allow them to play on different national teams. Do they have different ethnicities as well? Why?
Q4) In the text, the author notes that the French national soccer team imploded at the 2010 World Cup because one of the team's stars questioned if some members of the team were actually French. Players must be citizens of France to play on the team.
Explain why this became an issue for the French team.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Gender
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Q1) The process of becoming "male" or "female" begins during childhood and youth. Provide two specific examples of ways that parents start this process by "doing gender." Provide two specific examples of ways that participating in sports reflects personality traits (e.g., gentleness versus competitiveness) commonly associated with women and men in the United States. How is this tied to the constructions of masculinity inherent in the "fag discourse" in U.S. high schools?
Q2) According to C. J. Pascoe, what is a primary component of the so-called fag discourse in U.S. high schools?
A) the enforcement of heterosexuality
B) the enforcement of masculinity
C) discussing gender roles
D) constant use of bullying to enforce femininity
Q3) What is the growing field, particularly within anthropology, that focuses on research into masculinity and femininity as cultural constructs?
A) gender studies
B) cultural anthropology
C) sexuality
D) biology
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Chapter 8: Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gloria Wekker's work in Suriname has led her to suggest that the imposition of our "Western folk knowledge" places limits on how we understand sexuality. What does she urge students of sexuality to do instead?
A) attempt to disprove the existence of asexuality
B) notice that identical sexual acts have identical social meanings
C) regard sexuality as a manifestation of a fixed identity
D) focus attention on behavioral variation in the context of local realities
Q2) In addition to humans, which other mammals engage in sexual activity for fun rather than exclusively for procreation?
A) elephants
B) dolphins
C) cats
D) gorillas
Q3) Mati may engage in sexual relationships with which of these groups?
A) only men
B) only women
C) only other mati
D) men and women
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Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the ways that humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogy. What are these kinds of groups called?
A) ascent
B) related
C) family
D) descent
Q2) Marriage in various forms occurs all over the world. In the United States, we typically practice kindred exogamy. What is kindred exogamy and what are two examples of marriages that would violate its rules? How does exogamy generally differ from endogamy? Is endogamy officially or unofficially practiced in the United States? What are two examples of unofficial or implicit endogamy that may occur in a group of people? What are some benefits and drawbacks of exogamy and endogamy?
Q3) The Nuer practice patrilineal descent. Through whom do boys inherit membership in the descent group?
A) the mother's father
B) the mother's mother
C) the father's father
D) the father's mother
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Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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Q1) Since the mid-1970s, how has class inequality in the United States changed?
A) It has decreased as income and wealth have been disbursed from the wealthy elite down to the middle- and lower-class social strata.
B) It has increased due to decreasing tax rates for the wealthy and stagnating salaries for the middle class.
C) It has held steady, as tax breaks for the wealthy have been balanced by increased salaries in the middle class.
D) It has decreased as a result of increased tax rates on the wealthy and redistribution of benefits to the poor.
Q2) Aside from access to financial resources, what most influences an individual's life chances?
A) intellectual ability and physical strength
B) access to social and cultural resources such as education
C) ambition to seize the means of production
D) access to gainful employment
Q3) How does Pem Davidson Buck's work on the history of poor white people in rural Kentucky reflect how income and wealth are affected by other forms of social stratification?
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Chapter 11: The Global Economy
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Q1) Wallerstein's world systems theory divides the nations of the world into:
A) urban centers and geographically isolated areas.
B) core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
C) developed and underdeveloped.
D) modern and traditional regions.
Q2) How did European colonialism impact the development of the global economic system? Why was Columbus's voyage to the New World tied to the trade network occurring in the Old World? Explain how the discovery of gold and silver in the New World and colonization facilitated Europe's participation in the Old World trade network.
Q3) Today fewer than 250,000 people make their primary living from food foraging. Where do the remaining food foragers often live?
A) in environments (cold places, forests, islands) where other strategies for food production are not sustainable
B) in remote regions where inhabitants have never had any contact with other societies or civilizations
C) in very poor countries where agriculture is too expensive
D) on plantations where they work for wealthy landlords
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Chapter 12: Politics and Power
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Q1) Adolf Hitler glorified German domination while expanding the military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. What is this an example of?
A) band
B) chiefdom
C) militarization
D) colonialism
Q2) Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individuals and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because:
A) individuals are not really affected by systems of power.
B) systems of power, like the state, change constantly and quickly.
C) established systems of power, like the state, are always weakening.
D) systems of power, including the state, are never absolute.
Q3) Compare and contrast the concepts of the band, the tribe, and the chiefdom. What are the advantages of each?
Q4) Give an example of an alternative legal structure. Explain how it was used to circumvent state power
Q5) Give an example of how a group has used a framing process.
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Chapter 13: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz suggests that religion is essentially a system of ideas. What was this system of ideas surrounded by?
A) powerful symbols
B) powerful rituals
C) powerful rites
D) powerful beliefs
Q2) Anthropologist Marvin Harris (1927-2001) developed the theory of cultural materialism, which is built on Karl Marx's analysis of the way in which the material conditions of a society shape its other components. What is the basic premise of Harris's theory of cultural materialism, and how does it relate to religion? How can Harris's theory be applied to explain why cows are sacred in India? What is an example of a religious practice that people engage in within the United States that could be explained using the theory of cultural materialism? Do you think Harris's theory is useful in examining religion and religious practices? Why or why not?
Q3) What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?
A) It was rife with Christian worship.
B) It was rife with skeptics.
C) It was rife with magic.
D) It was rife with religious tenets.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Chinatown in New York, Kaitlyn can treat her headache at a tuina facility, Chinese herbalist, university hospital-affiliated medical clinic, or a botánica that sells religious icons and herb from a variety of Latin American and Caribbean traditions. These options are examples of:
A) medical pluralism.
B) biomedicine.
C) traditional Chinese medicine.
D) medical anthropology.
Q2) Anthropologist Arthur Kleinman's work involves collecting cross-cultural illness narratives. Where can such narratives be vital in the treatment of illness and promotion of good health?
A) in spreading Western medicine
B) in non-Western cultures
C) in the use of herbal medicines
D) in providing health care across cultural divides
Q3) Describe three ways that the care provided by Tibetan Buddhist healers has changed during the past thirty years due to the processes of globalization and Westernization.
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Chapter 15: Art and Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) The presentation of local art on the global scale may provide not only a means of economic activity but also a venue to do what?
A) assert local cultural identity in the face of rapid change
B) lead to local art being considered a new form of high art
C) have an impact on social dynamics within the producers' communities
D) help the local cultures become connected to the Internet
Q2) What did anthropologist Faye Ginsberg mean by her use of the phrase "media worlds"?
A) tensions that result from the collision of visual worlds
B) the erasure of local cultures as a result of globalized media
C) global cultural flows of media
D) tensions that result from participation in online virtual communities
Q3) Anthropologists Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins's study of the National Geographic is an example of the application of what kind of anthropology?
A) literature review
B) physical anthropology
C) ethnography
D) visual anthropology
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