Peoples and Cultures of the World Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Peoples and Cultures of the World explores the diverse ways in which human societies have developed across the globe. This course examines cultural practices, social organizations, belief systems, and everyday life in various regions, analyzing how geography, history, and environment shape cultural identity. Students will engage with anthropological theories and methodologies to better understand cultural similarities and differences, fostering an appreciation for global diversity and intercultural communication. Through case studies, ethnographic readings, and multimedia resources, the course encourages critical thinking about issues such as globalization, cultural change, and the challenges facing different communities in the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 11th Edition by
Serena Nanda
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Chapter 1: Anthropology and Human Diversity
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Q1) Race is an important social fact but the big differences among human beings are the result of culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The critical factor that distinguishes anthropology from other fields of study is:
A)Its emphasis on rigorous experimentation and analysis of data.
B)Its exclusive focus on non-Western cultures.
C)Its use of theories of biological evolution to explain human behavior.
D)Its interest in describing humankind throughout time and in all parts of the world.
E)Its focus on the discovery of a single human nature.
Answer: D
Q3) What is the current world population,and approximately how many people are considered "un-contacted" by industrialized cultures?
Answer: The world population is approximately 7 billion,and of those,only about 10,000 are considered "un-contacted."
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Chapter 2: Doing Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Postmodernism has been accepted now by all anthropologists.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?
A)It is the study of how humans have changed from simple to complex communication and transportation systems.
B)It is the study of how societies have harnessed more energy for production over time.
C)It is the study of how the human body has changed physically from earlier to later forms,sometimes even changing species.
D)It is the study of the history of human society from simple technology and social institutions to complex ones.
E)It is the study of how native people classify their natural world.
Answer: D
Q3) What do anthropologists use as the basis for cross-cultural comparisons?
Answer: They use ethnographies.
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Chapter 3: The Idea of Culture
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Q1) From the perspective of ecological functionalism,the Hindu taboo on eating beef is:
A)Irrational.
B)Symbolic of other types of relationships in society.
C)Adaptive to the long-run conditions of drought and crop shortages in India.
D)Based on a conscious understanding of ecological anthropology by Indians.
E)Maladaptive in India,considering the large numbers of people who do not have enough to eat.
Answer: C
Q2) One advantage of cultural adaptation over biological adaptation is that culture can usually change more rapidly than biology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What are the six characteristics of culture?
Answer: They are that all cultures are made of learned behaviors,involve symbols,are patterned and integrated,are shared by members of the group,are in some way adaptive,and subject to change.
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Chapter 4: Communication
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Q1) The study of the social use of space is called kinesics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is the most noticeable object of linguistic change?
A)Vocabulary.
B)Morphology.
C)Syntax.
D)Kinesics.
E)Proxemics.
Q3) Linguists view African American Vernacular English (AAVE)as:
A)Inferior to Standard Spoken American English (SSAE).
B)Neither superior nor inferior to SSAE.
C)More complicated but less abstract than SSAE.
D)Simpler than SSAE but more abstract.
E)Linguists do not recognize the existence of AAVE.
Q4) Technology plays an increasingly vital role today in our forms of communication.Choose three forms of technology that are used frequently today for communication and describe how these have changed the ways that people communicated.
Q5) What are the three things that make human language unique?
Q6) Why is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis significant to linguistic studies?
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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Q1) An important source of income for the Egyptian village of Musha is the money sent back to the village by migrant labor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ are rural,food-producing populations that are incorporated into larger state societies.
Q4) A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is:
A)Increased dependence on male labor.
B)Substantially reduced working hours and greater free time.
C)The focus of production moves from food to other goods.
D)Increased dependence on female labor.
E)Increasing economic equality among members of society.
Q5) The physical environment affects culture,but culture does not affect the physical environment.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Economics
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Q1) The critical elements of any economic system are:
A)Reciprocity,redistribution,and market exchange.
B)Production,distribution,and consumption.
C)Currency,capital,and exchange.
D)Government,exchange,and consumption.
E)Agriculture,trade,and taxation.
Q2) It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How does generalized reciprocity also serve as a social mechanism in foraging societies?
Q4) A leveling mechanism is a practice or form of social organization that evens out wealth in a society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Land is a changing aspect of each economic system.Describe the role of land under foraging,pastoralist,horticultural,and capitalist systems.How is it used and valued differently from one to another economic system?
Q6) What are the three fundamental attributes of capitalism?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Kinship
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Q1) In a society with matrilineal descent,the person with the most authority and responsibility for a woman and her child is her:
A)Brother.
B)Son.
C)Sister.
D)Father.
E)Husband.
Q2) Which kinship system is the matrilineal equivalent of the Omaha system?
A)Hawaiian.
B)Iroquois.
C)Eskimo.
D)Sudanese.
E)Crow.
Q3) Kinship is a culturally defined relationship.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A group of kin who trace descent from a known common ancestor is called a
Q5) How are parallel cousins different from cross cousins?
Q6) What are the two forms of nonunilineal descent?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Marriage, family, and Domestic Groups
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Q1) Which of the following are Na men very unlikely to do?
A)Invite a lover to visit them in their homes.
B)Ride in motorized vehicles.
C)Have sex before they are 30.
D)Engage in agriculture.
E)Join the army.
Q2) When a society practices polygyny:
A)Most men will have more than one wife.
B)Some men will have more than one wife.
C)Some women will have more than one husband.
D)Most women will have more than one husband.
E)Some men will have more than one wife and some women will have more than one husband.
Q3) Among the Tiwi,a man may betroth his infant daughter to a friend or potential ally who he thinks will bring him economic aid and social advantage
A)True
B)False
Q4) Present and discuss the various theories of dowry in India.
Q5) Name and describe two types of polygamy.
Q6) What are the advantages of polygyny? Name three.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) "Inis Beag," a community near Galway in Ireland,is known as one of the most sexually naïve of all the world's societies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is a hijab?
Q3) The masculine cultural belief in Spain that women's lust is a threat to male honor and dignity is:
A)A contemporary belief with no historical roots.
B)Realistic given the high rate of temporary male migration which leaves women unprotected at home.
C)Rooted in traditional Christianity where the lustful woman is symbolized by Eve as Adam's temptress.
D)A unique cultural pattern found in few other places in the world.
E)In contrast to traditional Christianity where women are regarded as dignified,virginal persons.
Q4) What was the primary role of the two-spirit in most Native American societies?
Q5) Many anthropologists agreed that women's lower status in society was caused by the private/public dichotomy.Ernestine Friedl disagreed.What were her arguments against this position?
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Chapter 10: Political Organization
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Q1) More than any other form of political organization,the state can carry out military action for both defensive and offensive purposes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Tribes and chiefdoms both have centralized leadership.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A conflict theory of the origin of the state emphasizes:
A)The emergence of centralization of power as a response to the emergence of an elite class that protects its power and privileges.
B)The rise of the state because of the need to organize manpower for irrigation projects.
C)The invention of the idea of the state in ancient Egypt and its diffusion to other parts of the world.
D)The increase of sophisticated military weaponry that developed after the Industrial Revolution.
E)The ways in which modern states are torn apart by conflict.
Q4) What is meant by the term "well-founded fear"?
Q5) What types of conflict resolution are used in band societies?
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Chapter 11: Stratification
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Q1) Social stratification is the result of:
A)The fact that people are born with different natural talents.
B)The fact that there are several different races.
C)Theft of property by the strongest in society.
D)Human nature.
E)Unequal distribution of resources.
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct?
A)Immigration in the United States today has very strict quotas by which it allows people entrance.
B)Assimilation is a positive experience,when it is carried out correctly,for both immigrants and the United States.
C)Assimilation is also a process of loss,as immigrants leave behind their language and cultures.
D)Although the melting pot analogy was useful in the early part of U.S.history,it is no longer used in describing immigration.
E)Assimilation is also a form of cultural divergence and diffusion.
Q3) A good example of an achieved status in the United States is marriage.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) People in many societies,including the Azande of East Africa,believe in a magical witchcraft substance that is:
A)Controlled by the most powerful people in society.
B)Hidden under the central shrine of the community.
C)Part of the bodies of those who are witches.
D)Available to those who seek with a pure heart.
E)Can never be found by those who actively seek it.
Q2) Europeans saw the Melanesian cargo cults as irrational.But anthropologists studying them in the 1950s argued that they were rational responses.What evidence did they cite for this?
Q3) What was the role of the spirit in the vision quest?
Q4) Many Hopi origin beliefs concern:
A)A ship that came from the East.
B)An epic battle between the forces of day and night.
C)A creator god who fashioned people in his own likeness.
D)A god who took yellow and white corn meal,and fashioned four men and four women from it.
E)The digging stick and the techniques for farming blue corn.
Q5) Define divination.
Q6) How has religious belief and practice changed in the United States since 1940?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Creative Expression: Anthropology and the Arts
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Q1) Archaeologists offer all of the following as explanations for cave art except:
A)They were drawn to magically increase the chance of a successful hunt.
B)They contain coded information about the hunt.
C)They were made for ritual use.
D)They depict things seen by shamans during trance.
E)They are for decorating the cave.
Q2) A prop often seen in paintings of Middle Eastern domestic scenes is:
A)Bread being baked.
B)Washing being done.
C)Women getting undressed.
D)People smoking the hookah.
E)Women playing with their children.
Q3) Trickster tales can be an indirect way of expressing dissatisfaction with an unequal system of social relations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Distinguish between manga and anime.
Q5) Provide three possible explanations for cave art provided by archaeologists.
Q6) Define world music and give examples.
Q7) How do anthropologists define art?
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Chapter 14: Power, conquest, and a World System
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Q1) The Chinese Bronze incident highlights a persistent controversy over:
A)British rights in China.
B)Racism.
C)Foreign affairs.
D)What constitutes art.
E)Ownership of historical objects.
Q2) The profits of colonization primarily went to:
A)Shareholders of colonial companies.
B)The subject people (colonized).
C)The colonizing government.
D)Colonial taxpayers in both home country and colony.
E)Other colonies.
Q3) Corvee labor was:
A)Unpaid labor demanded by colonizers of native populations.
B)Work done by the French and other colonizers to improve conditions in their colonies.
C)Transporting the materials necessary for colonialism.
D)The portion of followers' labor redistributed by a chief or bigman.
E)A method used by colonizers to appease native populations.
Q4) What was the role of anthropology in colonialism?
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Chapter 15: Culture, change, and the Modern World
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Q1) An MNC is:
A)A type of role playing game.
B)A bilateral aid and development organization.
C)A corporation that owns businesses in more than one nation.
D)A type of treaty designed to preserve the rights of indigenous people.
E)A joint defense treaty between mutually antagonistic nations.
Q2) In a well known book,Thomas Friedman argued that the world is flat.By this he meant that:
A)Absolute wealth is currently spread approximately equally around the world.
B)Columbus got it wrong.
C)Even though racism and ethnocentrism continue to exist,we should behave as if they do not.
D)Economic and social opportunities are increasingly available to all people no matter where they live.
E)The collective talents of any one group of people is approximately the same as the collective talents of any other group of people.
Q3) What is a "high fertility country"? What national conditions would we expect in that country?
Q4) What is the World Bank?
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