Peoples and Cultures of the World
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Peoples and Cultures of the World is an introductory course that explores the vast diversity of human societies across the globe. Through an anthropological lens, students examine cultural practices, belief systems, social structures, and everyday life among various communities. The course covers topics such as kinship, ritual, language, subsistence strategies, and globalization, emphasizing both the uniqueness and interconnectedness of human cultures. Case studies from different continents highlight the adaptive strategies and values that shape societies, fostering an appreciation for cross-cultural understanding and the complexities of cultural exchange in a rapidly changing world.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) Changes in communication technology that have allowed military spouses to switch from mailing letters to their partners in Afghanistan to chatting with them on Skype are an example of what dynamic of globalization?
A) uneven development
B) technological adaptation
C) flexible accumulation
D) time-space compression
Answer: D
Q2) Understanding miscommunications between men and women resulting from their differing use of language would demand a close examination of the cultural context of language. This would be the work of what type of anthropologist?
A) physical anthropologist
B) sociolinguist
C) historic linguist
D) descriptive linguist
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Culture as a system includes knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and: A) institutions.
B) genes.
C) a written language.
D) elite art forms such as operas.
Answer: A
Q2) When studying abroad, Shelby talks about the racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from other countries are surprised and say that racial categories based on expressed differences such as skin color are different in their countries. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categories are determined by: A) biological differences between groups.
B) genetic variations between groups.
C) cultural symbols.
D) mental maps of reality.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) How did the American Anthropological Association's "do no harm" mandate come into existence?
A) Anti-colonialist ideas spurred a debate in the 1900s about the role of anthropology in protecting indigenous groups.
B) The loss of life during the Human Terrain Systems Program was made public and provoked outrage among the anthropological community.
C) An increasing awareness of loss of Amazonian rain forest populations evoked a worldwide outcry.
D) Ethical and moral lapses toward the end of the twentieth century led to changes in attitude about the role of the anthropologist.
Answer: D
Q2) The roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:
A) early biological models.
B) modern philosophical debates.
C) turn-of-the-century demographic trends.
D) late nineteenth-century globalization.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?
A) displacement
B) productivity
C) complexity
D) innovation
Q2) What can nonhuman primates teach us about the origins of human language? Describe the strategies researchers have used to understand primates' capacities for communications and what they have learned, as well as some of scholars' common critiques about this research.
Q3) Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe-such as Latin, English, German, and Greek-are derived from an earlier language, which is called ________.
A) Proto-Indo-European
B) Pre-Modern European
C) Pan Archaic European
D) Proto-Germanic
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Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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Q1) What is the name for the flawed system of classification, with no scientific basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups?
A) genotype
B) miscegenation
C) hypodescent
D) race
Q2) Which term refers to laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South after the end of slavery?
A) civil rights
B) discrimination
C) Jim Crow
D) racialization
Q3) Compare and contrast how races have been constructed in two different cultures discussed in the text. What similarities are there, and how are they different? What does this tell us about the concept of race in general?
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of individual racism with institutional racism. Provide examples from class to support your points.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) What metaphor has been used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture?
A) nationalism
B) tossed salad
C) melting pot
D) ethnic cleansing
Q2) Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to "Aryan supremacy." The Nazi rise to dominance, however, happened largely because the Nazis leveraged and made full use of ________.
A) genocide
B) citizenship
C) multiculturalism
D) nationalism
Q3) According to the text, what ended 500 years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?
A) ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
B) differences in religious beliefs
C) growing ethnic rivalries as a result of economic inequality
D) interference from the United States
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Gender
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Q1) Pei-chia Lan describes "global Cinderellas," or immigrant women who take on domestic responsibilities for a household and send remittances back to their families in their home countries. In Taiwan, Taiwanese women hire these "global Cinderellas" so that they can do what?
A) have careers outside the home while still fulfilling their duties as women
B) maintain their households as single mothers
C) show support for immigrant labor in Taiwan
D) have more children than they would be able to care for on their own
Q2) Why are cross-cultural studies important for our understanding of sex and gender?
A) They allow us insight into an individual's chromosomal makeup.
B) They reinforce the idea that biology alone cannot predict the roles men and women play in a given culture.
C) We can then predict an individual's behavior, strength, and intelligence, as well as the roles of men and women in a given culture.
D) They help reinforce the idea that gender and sex are the same in all cultures.
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Chapter 8: Sexuality
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Q1) In addition to humans, which other mammals engage in sexual activity for fun rather than exclusively for procreation?
A) elephants
B) dolphins
C) cats
D) gorillas
Q2) According to Chrys Ingraham, the heterosexual imagery in "white weddings" makes the patterns of heterosexuality seem natural and unchanging, rather than cultural. Which wedding ritual helps normalize the idea that men have more power than women?
A) The bride's father walks her down the aisle and "gives her away" to the groom.
B) The bride wears an expensive white dress, symbolizing her affluence.
C) The wedding takes place in a church to promote the influence of religion.
D) The bride and groom allow the government to regulate their sexuality by taking vows.
Q3) Define sexuality and, using a minimum of three examples from the text, describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.
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Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) Marriage in various forms occurs all over the world. In the United States, we typically practice kindred exogamy. What is kindred exogamy and what are two examples of marriages that would violate its rules? How does exogamy generally differ from endogamy? Is endogamy officially or unofficially practiced in the United States? What are two examples of unofficial or implicit endogamy that may occur in a group of people? What are some benefits and drawbacks of exogamy and endogamy?
Q2) In 2004, the American Anthropological Association (AAA)-the largest association of anthropologists in the United States-issued a statement regarding same-sex marriages and what was then a contentious piece of legislation, the Defense of Marriage Act. What position did the AAA take on same-sex marriages? Did the AAA have research data to substantiate its position? Do you think that professional associations such as the AAA should make formal position statements about issues that are part of a "culture clash"?
Why or why not?
Q3) The Nuer practice patrilineal descent. Through whom do boys inherit membership in the descent group?
A) the mother's father
B) the mother's mother
C) the father's father
D) the father's mother
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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Q1) Egalitarian societies are likely to practice:
A) hierarchy.
B) violence.
C) stratification.
D) reciprocity.
Q2) Your roommate always offers you a slice of pizza when he orders delivery. Sometimes you wash all the dishes, even though you didn't use them all. Neither of you ask for money. Your actions are examples of:
A) patterns of reciprocity.
B) flexible accumulation.
C) patterns of stratification.
D) patterns of generosity.
Q3) What is a significant defining characteristic of a ranked society?
A) Wealth is inherited but prestige and status are determined by individual merit.
B) Wealth is redistributed according to each person's status and prestige.
C) Wealth, prestige, and status are equal among all members of the group.
D) Wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are.
Q4) Compare the water crises of the poor urban settlers in Mumbai, India, and the residents of Flint, Michigan.
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Chapter 13: Religion
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Q1) In Japan, the second Monday of January is a national Coming of Age Day. Young people who have turned 20 years old in the past year wear traditional clothing, attend ceremonies in local government offices, and celebrate at parties afterwards. Coming of Age Day is an example of:
A) a pilgrimage.
B) imitative magic.
C) a religious practice.
D) a rite of passage.
Q2) E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Max Weber's earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. What was a key element of magic highlighted by Evans-Pritchard's work?
A) Magic is irrational.
B) Magic is scientific.
C) Magic is ritualistic.
D) Magic is rational.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Q1) One of the most significant changes that Zanmi Lasante initiated in rural Haiti was the training of local community members as health-care workers. What factor was responsible for their success in identifying local health-care problems and providing basic health services?
A) their unflagging efforts to build waste treatment and clean water facilities
B) their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values
C) their willingness to work with impoverished peoples in terrible conditions
D) their training provided to them in the United States
Q2) From the anthropological perspective, an individual patient's experience of sickness is considered to be what?
A) universally defined
B) defined by a doctor
C) a matter of personal interpretation
D) culturally defined
Q3) Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on:
A) universally held values
B) the experience of the doctor in a foreign country
C) Enlightenment values of rationality, individualism, and progress
D) the willingness of the doctor to practice alternative medicine
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Art and Media
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Q1) The presentation of local art on the global scale may provide not only a means of economic activity but also a venue to do what?
A) assert local cultural identity in the face of rapid change
B) lead to local art being considered a new form of high art
C) have an impact on social dynamics within the producers' communities
D) help the local cultures become connected to the Internet
Q2) What is the term used to describe a viewer's perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture?
A) aesthetics
B) popularity
C) authenticity
D) value
Q3) Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel argued that humans' determination of beauty is determined by:
A) culture.
B) nature.
C) popularity.
D) their age and sex.
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