Peoples and Cultures of the World Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Peoples and Cultures of the World provides an in-depth introduction to the diversity of human societies across the globe. The course explores cultural practices, beliefs, social structures, and adaptations within a variety of communities, both past and present. Through the lens of anthropology, students examine concepts such as kinship, religion, economic organization, political systems, language, and art, developing a broader understanding of how cultures shape and respond to local and global challenges. Emphasis is placed on cultural relativism, ethnographic research methods, and the importance of cross-cultural understanding in an increasingly interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 16th Edition by Conrad Phillip Kottak
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Applied anthropology
A)originated at the same time that anthropology's four-field approach became established among early twentieth-century U.S.academics.
B)has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association.
C)encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical problems.
D)focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application skills.
E)is a European phenomenon.
Answer: C
Q2) Psychologists tend to study only people living in the non-Western world, so anthropology has very little to offer this field.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Theories must be proved correct before they can be accepted.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) What are cultural particularities?
A)traits isolated from other traits in the same culture
B)traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others
C)different levels of culture
D)the most general aspect of culture patterns
E)cultural traits of individuals rather than groups
Answer: B
Q2) There are two meanings of globalization: globalization as fact and process, and globalization as ideology and contested policy.What is the primary and neutral meaning of globalization as it is applicable to anthropology?
A)promotion of the interests of multinational corporations at the expense of farmers and workers
B)the efforts by international financial powers to create a global free market for goods and services
C)the impact of the world on the rest of the universe
D)the spread and connectedness of production, communication, and technologies across the world
E)opposition to global free trade
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space; however,
A)all such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists have very limited project choices.
B)there has been a shift within the discipline toward a recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information.
C)the American Anthropological Association still requires its members to strive toward research focused on one single community.
D)this is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic works.
E)there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than non-Hispanics did.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A bachelor's degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
A)promoting change, but not overinnovation.
B)preserving local systems while working to make them better.
C)respecting local traditions.
D)drawing models of development from indigenous practices.
E)developing strategies with little input from the local communities.
Q5) Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of scientific and traditional medicine, being careful to distinguish between scientific medicine and Western medicine.
6
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Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Q1) The lexicon of a language is
A)a dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings.
B)its degree of complexity.
C)the set of rules that govern the written but not spoken language.
D)its symbolic and poetic value.
E)the range of speech sounds.
Q2) What are some ways in which linguistics can aid archaeologists, biological anthropologists, and sociocultural anthropologists who are interested in history?
Q3) One aspect of linguistic history is language loss.When a language disappears, A)less strain is put on the educational system, because it has less language diversity to deal with.
B)historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim of evolutionary forces.
C)so does pride in one's heritage.
D)cultural diversity is reduced as well.
E)humanity is that much closer to global integration.
Q4) Compare and contrast the evolution of language and biological evolution.What role may mutations play in the origins of human language, if any?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Biologists have rejected the idea of three great races-white, black, and yellow-largely because it fails to account for Native Americans.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups into the less-privileged group?
A)hypervitaminosis
B)polygyny
C)polyandry
D)hypodescent
E)hypogamy
Q3) A key element of multiculturalism is its respect for ethnic diversity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Racial categories in Brazil are not rigid; rather, they often change depending on the social setting.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Making a Living
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Q1) Generalized reciprocity
A)is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged.
B)is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
C)usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle.
D)disappears with the origin of the state.
E)is exemplified by silent trade.
Q2) Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies
A)suggest hypothetical correlations-that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables.
B)suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production.
C)suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns.
D)suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.
E)have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.
Q3) How does economic anthropology differ from classical economics? In what ways can economic anthropology serve as a safeguard against ethnocentrism?
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Chapter 8: Political Systems
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Q1) What is an age set?
A)a village council
B)a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of achievement in the society, much like the stages of an undergraduate's progress through college
C)all men and women related by virtue of patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor
D)all men and women related by virtue of matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor
E)a group uniting men born during a certain span of time in some pastoral African societies
Q2) Which of the following was NOT used by the traditional Inuit to handle disputes?
A)blood feuds
B)song contests
C)killing of the offender
D)courts of law
E)kin ties
Q3) Modern hunter-gatherers should not be seen as representative of Stone Age peoples, all of whom were also foragers.Why?
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10
Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) Cross-culturally, women's roles tend to be focused on activities associated with the home, while men are more active in the public domain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Contrast gender roles in two of the following: A) foraging societies; B) matrilineal-matrilocal societies; C) patrilineal-patrilocal societies; D) pastoralists; and E) agriculturalists.
Q3) What is the relationship between gender stratification and economic roles? Do these relationships apply equally to all types of societies, regardless of the type of productive activity? Why or why not?
Q4) When compared to other kinds of societies, all the following are true about foragers EXCEPT that
A)the public and private spheres are least separate.
B)hierarchy is least marked.
C)when gathering is prominent, gender status tends to be more equal.
D)sexual promiscuity is most common and routinely punished.
E)the rights, activities, and spheres of influence of men and women overlap the most.
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11
Chapter 10: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) After reaching an all-time low for the 20<sup>th</sup> century in the 1970s, the nuclear family is now making a rebound, accounting for a greater number of U.S.households each year.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through only one line of descent.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the difference between kin terms and genealogical kin types? Why would an anthropologist want to make such a distinction? Can you see any problems with this distinction? In your everyday experience, do you distinguish between kin terms and genealogical kin types?
Q4) With unilineal descent, one's lineage affiliation is ascribed at birth, but with ambilineal descent, lineage affiliation is more fluid, because each member chooses his or her own descent group.
A)True
B)False
Q5) "Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship." Do you agree with this statement? If so, why? If not, why not?
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Chapter 11: Marriage
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Q1) Which of the following best defines polygyny?
A)the type of marriage in which there is more than one husband
B)the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband
C)the type of marriage involving only two spouses
D)the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife
E)the type of marriage in which there is more than one wife
Q2) The biological degeneration explanation for the incest taboo has won over supporters because of universal concerns about biology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Divorce tends to be more common
A)when the dowry is very small.
B)when marriages are political alliances between groups.
C)in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies.
D)in societies in which marriage residence is patrilocal.
E)in all societies when romance fails.
Q4) Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) Behaviors associated with sports fandom could be considered secular rituals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Robert Bellah (1978) coined the term world-rejecting religion to describe most forms of Christianity, including Protestantism.More generally, world-rejecting religions
A)are shamanistic religions that reject the encroachment of capitalism and modernity.
B)reject the material world and focus on the body's internal biological balance.
C)are a recent historical phenomenon.
D)tend to reject the natural-the mundane, ordinary, material, secular-world and focus instead on a higher realm of reality.
E)focus on the effects that heavenly bodies such as the moon, sun, and Mars have on social life.
Q3) A "world-rejecting religion" is one that
A)concerns itself with a higher realm of spirituality.
B)rejects worldly goods and popular culture.
C)is polytheistic or monotheistic, and is led by a shaman.
D)has been rejected by the world.
E)focuses on a higher realm of reality.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) Which of the following groups is more accepting of mass media in Brazil?
A)elites
B)intellectuals
C)women
D)clergy
E)older men
Q2) This chapter describes how sports and the media reflect culture, and offers among its illustrations a cross-cultural comparison that explores why some countries but not others enjoy international success in sports.Describe the two contrasting cases.Are any of the conclusions surprising? Why or why not?
Q3) As we enter the 21<sup>st</sup> century, artistic expression
A)within industrialized states is increasingly becoming more isolated and independent.
B)finds itself intentionally avoiding the use of multiple expressive media in favor of employing only one medium.
C)can be seen to be increasingly incorporating elements from many cultures into contemporary art and performance.
D)is disappearing from our cultural repertoire.
E)has lost most of its effectiveness.
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Chapter 14: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) Who are indigenous peoples?
A)people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states
B)peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite
C)original inhabitants of particular areas
D)any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system
E)people who have emigrated to a new country
Q2) All of the following are true about neoliberalism EXCEPT that it
A)seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses.
B)characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial institutions.
C)has been spreading globally.
D)refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism.
E)is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated.
Q3) Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
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Chapter 15: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Cultural meaning is
A)imposed by a text.
B)locally created.
C)inherent in a text.
D)produced by a text, not from it.
E)determined only by the author.
Q2) How have indigenous movements, political mobilization, and identity politics affected ethnography?
Q3) Essentialism refers to the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How have recent movements regarding the politics of identity with regard to indigenous peoples varied around the world?
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