Penology Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Penology is the study of the processes adopted by society to punish, manage, and rehabilitate individuals who violate the law. This course explores the historical evolution and philosophical foundations of punishment, examines various types of penal institutions such as prisons and probation systems, and analyzes modern trends in sentencing, correctional policies, and prison reform. Students will engage with critical debates on the effectiveness, ethics, and human rights implications of different penal approaches, emphasizing the societal impact of corrections and the challenges of reintegrating offenders into the community.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Historically,before the rise of criminal laws and the criminal justice system,harmful behaviour committed against others was treated as which of the following?
A)a private matter between private citizens
B)a matter that always involved the state
C)a matter that only involved lawyers
D)acts considered as harms against society as a whole
Answer: A
Q2) Criminal and non-criminal acts are always two distinct categories.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) "Everyone believes that stealing goes against our belief in private ownership." Within which of the following approaches to crime does this view fall?
A)green criminology
B)class conflict perspective
C)human rights criminology
D)consensus perspective
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restorative justice?
A)It focuses on repairing the harm done to social relationships because of crime.
B)Victim,offender,and community are active participants in the process.
C)Reintegration is the goal.
D)The state plays a key role in bring the victim and offender together and repairing their relationship.
Answer: D
Q2) The growing importance of legal contracts,lawyers,and laws against theft and embezzlement were all the result of the emergence of which of the following?
A)feudalism and the feudal lords
B)capitalism and a merchant class
C)the sovereigns and Norman kings
D)industrialization and the assembly-line form of manufacturing
Answer: B
Q3) Criminal laws have not been part of the social fabric for most of human history.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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75 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What would most likely happen to a person who broke into a warehouse to obtain lifesaving equipment for use in an emergency?
A)The person would be convicted of the crime of break and enter.
B)The person would be acquitted on the grounds of compulsion.
C)The person would be acquitted on the grounds of necessity.
D)The person would be acquitted on the grounds of self-defence.
Answer: C
Q2) A person suffering from a mental disorder who is capable of understanding what he or she did but who succumbed to an irresistible impulse would be found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is true of the defence of intoxication?
A)It cannot reduce the severity of a charge such as murder to manslaughter.
B)It is primarily a "common law" defence.
C)It traditionally has applied to all offences.
D)It is based on the idea that alcohol acts as a disinhibition
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) The textbook notes that official crime data (UCR statistics)"may tell us more about police activities than about crime." What is meant by this statement? What are some examples of how official crime data may be more a reflection of a police agency than the actual level of crime?
Q2) Murder-rate statistics are the most accurate of all crime statistics.Which of the following statements best reflects this assertion?
A)The murder rate statistics are consistent.
B)The murder rate statistics are valid.
C)The murder rate statistics are reliable.
D)The murder rate statistics are generalizable.
Q3) Crimes known to the police will always be biased by inconsistencies in reporting & recording.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is meant by the term the "dark figure of crime"? Provide specific examples of "darkness" that characterize our understanding of the scope of crime in Canada.
Q5) Compare and contrast the crime severity index with the violent crime rate.
Q6) What are the strengths and limitations of victimization surveys?
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) Is there a direct link between alcohol/drug misuse and criminal behaviour? Support your answer by citing statistics and research findings.
Q2) Canada has a higher homicide rate than European countries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following factors has the weakest correlation with crime and delinquency?
A)race
B)gender
C)age
D)socio-economic status
Q4) This chapter explores how certain variables correlate with crime.Yet,it emphasizes that just because a variable is associated with crime,this does not mean it causes crime.Explain the difference between a correlate of crime and a cause of crime.Cite one example from the chapter for each.
Q5) People with high socio-economic status are overrepresented in police-reported statistics.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best represents the focus of early theories of women's crime?
A)the structural features of their society
B)biological differences between men and women
C)power differentials between men and women
D)the gendered nature of the roles of men and women
Q2) Criminologists have noted that the Conflict Tactics Scale is an incomplete measure of intimate violence because it does not capture the outcome of the violence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Conservative approaches to understanding women and crime were powerful because they dispelled many of the myths and folk tales about women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) State the main differences in rape laws before and after the 1983 legislative amendments.What are some of the limitations of the new sexual assault laws and their interpretation in Canadian courts?
Q5) Describe the role of the law in condoning violence against women.
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8
Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chapter refers to victims of crimes as the orphans of the criminal justice system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identify and describe the different types of harms and costs incurred by victims of crime.
Q3) Which of the following best represents the trend as far as the proportion of Canadian victims who report their victimization to police is concerned?
A)It has been declining.
B)It has been increasing.
C)It has stayed the same.
D)There is insufficient data to determine a trend.
Q4) Compare and contrast the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights to the American federal Victim Rights Bill.What are some of the critiques of the Canadian version when compared to its American counterpart?
Q5) The most universally recognized mental health issue surrounding victimization is post-traumatic stress disorder.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain Lombroso's suggestions on how "born criminals" should be used treated.Draw a link between these suggestions and his theories of crime.To what extent has his suggestions influenced modern-day criminal justice policies and punishment specifically?
Q2) Members of the Statistical School in criminology assumed that human behaviour was solely the result of rational choices made by individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the extenuating circumstances emphasized by Neoclassical theorists as part of their reforms to the offender sentencing?
A)age
B)mental competence
C)mitigating circumstances
D)attire
Q4) Explain how elites used religious ideas to combat challenges to their power.
Q5) Summarize the biological theories of crime that followed the work of Lombroso and colleagues. Compare and contrast these theories with that of the Positive School.
Q6) What are some of the critiques and limitations of the Classical School of crime?
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The prevalence of mental disorder among those in the criminal justice system is around the same as that of the general population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A token economy set up in a youth detention centre to reward positive behaviour by inmates can be considered a form of operant conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following best represents the psycho-analytical theory of criminal behaviour?
A)Crime results when ego,superego,and id are completely missing from an individual.
B)Crime results when the ego and superego are unable to control the primitive,aggressive,and antisocial instincts of the id.
C)Crime results when the ego can no longer control the superego
D)Crime results when the id can no longer control the ego and superego.
Q4) Describe the overall approach of psychological theories of crime.What are some of the key assumptions underlying this approach?
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11
Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Braithwaite,what causes crime among the upper classes and what can be done to reduce it?
Q2) According to Durkheim,which of the following is essential to stable societies?
A)heterogeneity
B)increased division of labour
C)social cohesion
D)strong political leadership
Q3) In Japan,one of the reasons the crime rate is lower is that the family appears to rank higher on the hierarchy of institutions and to be more influential relative to economics,compared to North America.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which term is used in Chapter 10 to refer to a condition in which an individual places more value on self-interest than on collective values?
A)relative deprivation
B)individualism
C)micro-anomie
D)anomie
Q5) Describe Messner and Rosenfeld's theory of institutional anomie.
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best reflects the structural Marxists conclusions on corporate crime?
A)Corporate crime costs more than conventional crime but work and occupation-related deaths are less than deaths from homicide and manslaughter.
B)Corporate crime costs less than conventional crime but work and occupation-related deaths outnumber deaths from homicide and manslaughter.
C)Corporate crime costs less than conventional crime and work and occupation-related deaths are less than deaths from homicide and manslaughter.
D)Corporate crime costs more than conventional crime and work and occupation-related deaths outnumber deaths from homicide and manslaughter.
Q2) Which perspective is most likely to focus on street crime because it is concentrated within the working class and other marginalized groups?
A)instrumental Marxism
B)group conflict
C)left realism
D)structural Marxism
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Restorative justice is a mode of governmentality because it fashions a way of understanding the world that makes the pursuit of "restorative" justice appear rational.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What group of scholars was criticized by critical criminologists for romanticizing working class criminals as a potentially revolutionary force?
A)right realists
B)left realists
C)criminal justice apologists
D)administrative criminologists
Q3) Which of the following claims is most likely to be made by a critical criminologist?
A)We need to emphasize justice in the punishment of offenders.
B)We need a "get tough" approach to crime.
C)We need better ways to manage the poor and dangerous classes.
D)We need to provide justice to those who are marginalized.
Q4) Explain the criminological research of Loïc Wacquant and how it builds upon Bourdieu's "field theory."
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to symbolic interactionist Becker,which of the following best characterizes deviance?
A)a quality of an action
B)behaviour that people label as such
C)juvenile delinquency
D)variation from a recognized norm in a given society
Q2) Discuss the various contingencies that criminals encounter in their deviant careers.
Q3) Which of these criminological theories centres on the interchanges people have with one another and on the meanings of these interchanges in the past,present,and future?
A)strain
B)interactionist
C)conflict
D)critical theory
Q4) Cite and discuss the three major critiques of interactionist theory in explaining crime.
Q5) A central concept in interactionist theories of crime is the deviant career.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Shaw and McKay,the origins of deviance could be traced to the pathology of individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Neighborhoods characterized by weak institutions contribute to ineffectual social controls,which then leads to high rates of crime and other types of deviance.This statement is central to which of the following schools of thought on crime causation?
A)social disorganization theories
B)critical criminology theories
C)interactionist theories
D)social psychology theories
Q3) Describe and analyze Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theories with particular emphasis on their explanations as to why crime rates were highest in certain types of neighbourhoods.
Q4) Shaw and McKay situated the origins of deviance in which of the following?
A)a neighbourhood's social environment
B)rapid changes taking place in mass society
C)individual pathology
D)the family
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) There is insufficient credible evidence to conclude that mandatory minimum sentences have significant deterrent effects on criminal offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following concepts does NOT fit into environmental criminology?
A)ecology
B)node
C)path
D)edge
Q3) According to lifestyle/exposure theory,who among the following is least likely to become a victim of crime?
A)a member of an outlaw motorcycle gang
B)a person who spends most of his or her nights at home
C)a person who spends time at night in bars with his or her friends
D)a person who spends most nights in public places with people who commit crimes
Q4) The high frequency of repeat victimization supports lifestyle/exposure theory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the routine activities approach to crime,including its assumptions.
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most organized crime groups share the same pattern of relationships among its members and hence similar organizational structures
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following contradicts what the textbook says is the current state of organized crime in Canada?
A)There is a decreasing diversity of criminal groups.
B)The number of criminal groups is increasing.
C)Modern organized crime is increasingly characterizes as a fluid network of individuals.
D)Ethnicity is no longer the main binding force for organized crime groups.
Q3) Which of the following can be classified as both a predatory and a consensual crime associated with organized crime?
A)theft
B)the counterfeiting of consumer products
C)extortion
D)government fraud
Q4) Describe the role of the Don or Capo in the patron-client model of the structure of organized crime.
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) While costly to society,there are few deaths or injuries stemming from corporate crime and irresponsibility.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Workplace accidents and occupational deaths are often the result of employer carelessness or unsafe conditions.As such corporate executives are frequently held accountable in Canada through serious penalties,including imprisonment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explore the contention that Conrad Black's behaviour was motivated by a sense of entitlement and make sure to cite some examples from Black's life that support this contention.
Q4) Explain what is meant by a criminogenic market structure.Analyze one of the case studies of corporate crime from the textbook and detail how it was influenced by market-based criminogenic factors.
Q5) Explain what is meant by the concept of the "criminogenic market structure." Provide a case study of corporate crime to which this concept can be applied.
Q6) Why is white-collar crime positively related to class position?
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms refer to the use of an Internet connection to access social media,chat rooms,or other places of electronic assembly to make contact with a child or person under 16 to meet for sexual purposes?
A)stalking
B)luring
C)spamming
D)trafficking
Q2) Which of the following statements best reflects the findings of Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007),that the most common form of electronic victimization among adolescents was text messaging via mobile device?
A)Text messaging is the technology that is most vulnerable to cybercrimes.
B)Adolescents are the demographic group most frequently targeted by cybercriminals.
C)The architecture of text messaging through mobile devices makes it inherently criminogenic.
D)The architecture of a given digital environment and the dominant culture of that environment both play a major role in offending.
Q3) Compare and contrast cybercrime with cyber terrorism.
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