Penology Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Penology is the study of the processes, theories, and practices related to the punishment, treatment, and management of individuals who have committed criminal offenses. This course examines the history and development of penal systems, including prisons and alternative sanctions, and explores the philosophical, social, and legal foundations of punishment and rehabilitation. Students will analyze contemporary issues such as prison overcrowding, recidivism, restorative justice, and the impact of policy changes on correctional institutions. The course encourages critical thinking about the effectiveness and ethics of various penal approaches within the broader context of the criminal justice system.
Recommended Textbook
American Corrections 11th Edition by Todd R. Clear
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Chapter 1: The Corrections System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania now houses more prisoners than any other state in the country.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The term ______________________ usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted and implies that action is meant to change offenders according to society's needs.
Answer: corrections
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Chapter 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice
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Sample Questions
Q1) The was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.
A) wergild
B) workhouse
C) penitentiary
D) bridewell
Answer: B
Q2) Banishment can best be described as punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips and other devices that cause physical pain and scarring.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) __________________ refers to punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips or other devices that cause pain.
Answer: Corporal punishment
Q4) ________________________ was an early English correctional reformer who advocated for the utility of prison confinement to treat and reform criminals' thought processes that he deemed a "hedonistic calculus."
Answer: Jeremy Bentham
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The History of Corrections in America
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the Progressive Reform Era, two main correctional strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and:
A) feeding inmates a more nutritious diet.
B) ensuring prisoners were not in solitude.
C) reintegrating inmates into society.
D) rehabilitating individual offenders.
Answer: D
Q2) Between 1790 and 1830, the population in urban America: A) sharply declined.
B) sharply increased.
C) remained unchanged.
D) none of the above.
Answer: B
Q3) The _________________ penitentiary system of incarceration called for inmates to be held in isolation at night but to work with other inmates during the day under a rule of silence.
Answer: congregate
Q4) Progressives implemented probation, , and parole throughout the United States.
Answer: indeterminate sentences
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Chapter 4: The Punishment of Offenders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison, is:
A) deterrence.
B) retribution.
C) incapacitation.
D) rehabilitation.
Q2) The concept of good time is provided to inmates in certain correctional facilities based on:
A) medical issues.
B) complaints to staff.
C) family matters.
D) participation in vocational programs.
Q3) List and explain the various factors that influence the sentencing process. Of these factors, which do you feel has the most negative effect on the criminal justice system? on the offender? on the victim? on society in general?
Q4) Of the four major goals of corrections, ________________ clearly conflicts with the other three goals since it focuses on treatment of the offender as opposed to other more punitive sanctions.
Q5) The most frequently applied criminal sanction is .
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Chapter 5: The Law of Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) When convicted of a crime, an offender loses all constitutional rights and liberties.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The courts have upheld the right of female corrections officers to pat down:
A) only female prisoners.
B) only male prisoners.
C) male prisoners when a male officer is also present.
D) both male and female prisoners.
Q3) Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has:
A) ministerial liability.
B) personal liability.
C) civil liability.
D) strict liability.
Q4) Prisoners have always had constitutional rights.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Amendment focuses on the right to religious freedom.
Q6) Laws passed by legislatures at all levels of government are known as .
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Correctional Client
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Sample Questions
Q1) Situational offender
A)Apply objective criteria to all prisoners
B)IQs of less than 70
C)Person who sees criminality as their life
D)Mental patient returns to the community
E)Julie Schenecker is one
F)Confined for life or until cured
G)Classification based on possible future criminal conduct
H)Classification based on appropriate correctional treatment
I)Classification based on seriousness of crime
J)Person who spends more than 10 years incarcerated
Q2) ___________ is more an economic crime than a sexual crime.
Q3) offenders have been convicted of violent crimes or drug offenses.
Q4) Once a person is __________________, a range of punishments of escalating severity may be imposed.
Q5) The ____________________ is often the most despised offender in court and in prison.
Q6) Long-term inmates face three major issues while they are incarcerated. List and explain all three issues and how inmates are affected by them.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Jails: Detention and Short Term Incarceration
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:
A) warehousing the surplus population of immigrants.
B) detention of those sentenced by the court.
C) to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.
D) to inflict short-term punishment (e.g., corporal punishment) on the offender.
Q2) Bondsman
A)Staff has direct contact with offenders
B)Prosecutor makes a deal with defendant to steer clear of incapacitation
C)Protection to the community by incarcerating an offender
D)Supervision under home confinement
E)Holding tanks for up to 48 hours
F)Person who provides bail money for a fee
G)Rehabilitative jail experience
H)Pretrial and probation violators report daily
I)Funded per prisoner per day
J)Fee specified by a judge as a condition for pretrial release
Q3) Three-quarters of all jails are operated by an elected official known as a .
Q4) A majority of inmates are under 35 years old, white, low income, and .
Q5) The period after arrest and detention is when most inmates commit suicide.
Q6) Roughly one-quarter of the occupants in U.S. jails are detainees.
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Chapter 8: Probation
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Sample Questions
Q1) conditions provide constraints on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness of probation including fines, community service, and restitution.
A) Standard
B) Technical
C) Punitive
D) Treatment
Q2) The approved practice for handling revocation of probation:
A) is usually done in the judge's chamber.
B) proceeds in three stages.
C) is to take the offender directly to jail.
D) has been found unconstitutional.
Q3) A probation officer faces role conflict every day around:
A) the demands of the organization and the expectations of the offender.
B) the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.
C) personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job.
D) investments of time by the probation officer with respect to presentence investigation reports and counseling offenders.
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Chapter 9: Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss one intermediate sanction as imposed by each of the following: the judiciary, probation departments, and correctional departments. How are these sanctions different and how effective are they as formal punishments for individual offenders? In your opinion, does each of your three selections warrant continued use in our correctional system? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Q2) Based on recent research efforts, it appears that both state and county agencies cannot really benefit from the use of a continuum of sanctions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What does prison offer crime victims? In your opinion, are victims always satisfied with prison as justice? Why or why not? What types of need might a crime victim have and what types of intermediate sanctions might meet these needs?
Q4) Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate in prison populations.
A) racial disparities
B) overcrowding
C) gang tensions
D) mental illness
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Chapter 10: Incarceration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:
A) the FBI.
B) the Secret Service.
C) the Marshal's Service.
D) none of these.
Q2) The ______________ branch of each state government is responsible for administering its prison system.
Q3) The ____________ model of incarceration emphasizes the maintenance of the offender's ties to family and the community as a method of reform.
Q4) A(n) prison is designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence, thereby imposing strict limitations on the freedom of both inmates and visitors.
Q5) The cost of maintaining a(n) inmate is much higher than costs associated with other incarcerated populations.
A) elderly
B) minority
C) female
D) male
Q6) appoints the Bureau of Prisons director.
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Chapter 11: The Prison Experience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fish
A)Prison newcomer
B)Cigarettes
C)Values and norms of the prison social system
D)Goods and services not allowed by prison authorities
E)Where prisoners may purchase certain items
F)Method of learning the prison subculture
G)Construct a life within the prison with little connection to society
H)Take advantage of prison programs
I)Main source of inmate violence
J)semiautonomous institutions
Q2) Today nonperishable food items and _______________ have emerged as the standard forms of prison currency.
Q3) The term _____________________ refers to an inmate who cannot adapt to prison society due to mental illness, physical weakness, or emotional instability.
Q4) Studies have shown that young men between 16 and 24, both inside and outside of prison, are more prone to violence than older men.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Incarceration of Women
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Sample Questions
Q1) Until 1970 most women inmates were housed in the same prisons and treated essentially the same as men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Incarcerated women account for approximately percent of the federal and state prison population.
Q3) Most modern female prisons in the United States today were designed to resemble a
Q4) Traditionally, women have received treatment from judges.
A) chivalrous
B) discriminatory
C) equal
D) neglectful
Q5) In comparison to men's facilities, women's prisons have:
A) more available programming.
B) more varied programming.
C) similar programming.
D) less programming.
Q6) was the first person to advocate for changes in the treatment of sentenced women and children.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Institutional Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) A labor contract stipulates the rights and obligations of each side (administration and employees);thus a __________________ can no longer dictate working conditions.
Q2) Over the last 25 years the correctional officer role has changed greatly.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a highly authoritarian prison, treatment goals are:
A) a priority.
B) more important.
C) less important.
D) a cause for concern.
Q4) Well-governed prisons are impossible due to the nature of the clientele.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _______________ refers to obedience to an order or request.
A) Compliance
B) Power
C) Authority
D) Coercion
Q6) In 1970, the U.S. Supreme Court granted inmates certain limited______ rights.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Institutional Programs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the most desirable jobs in a prison are those in which the inmate has access to goods or services that can be sold within the prison economy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prison programs are any non-formal, non-structured activities that take prisoners out of their cells and allow them to do something.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Of the five types of prison-based programs, the authors recognize that rehabilitation is the most controversial.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As recognized by the authors, most states place inmates in lower custody levels than necessary.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Many correctional officials believe that represent the most difficult group for correctional treatment.
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Chapter 15: Release from Incarceration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mandatory release
A)Post-custody supervision in the community
B)Without any further correctional supervision
C)Used with indeterminate sentence
D)Furloughs
E)Required release
F)The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released
G)Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions
H)Treat a mental abnormality
I)The government extends the privilege of release
J)Conditional release
Q2) According to the authors, statistics show that most parolees return to prison.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Probation release is often tied to shock incarceration.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An inmate's eligibility for release to community supervision depends on requirements set by ___________ and the sentence imposed by the court.
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Chapter 16: Making It: Supervision in the Community
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Q1) The effectiveness of parole supervision has been found to be strong in regard to the reduction of recidivism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The conditions of parole only regulate conduct that is viewed in a legal context.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Parolees are often required to gain an education, have money, and have a as part of their conditions of release.
A) family
B) child
C) job
D) church
Q4) Residential centers tend to be the local community.
A) unpopular with B) welcome in
C) generators of crime in
D) financial boons to
Q5) About of all released offenders return to prison within three years.
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Chapter 17: Corrections for Juveniles
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common sanction given today's juvenile offenders is incarceration.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first juvenile court in the United States was created in 1899 in:
A) Philadelphia.
B) New York City.
C) Boston.
D) Chicago.
Q3) In Re Gault
A)Requires "essentials" of due process
B)Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
C)Child who commits an act if committed by an adult is not a crime
D)Transfer to adult court
E)State as guardian
F)Parole
G)Specifies "essentials" of due process
H)Stop doing crime
I)Child not receiving proper care
J)Depends on social expectations
Q4) The philosophy of juvenile corrections places a higher premium on and .
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Incarceration Trends
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Sample Questions
Q1) For most of the 20th century, the numbers of incarcerated prisoners in the United States:
A) grew.
B) held steady.
C) decreased.
D) were not calculated.
Q2) When compared to other developed countries, America's incarceration rate is extremely:
A) insignificant.
B) low.
C) average.
D) high.
Q3) It is said that states with higher violent crime rates have lower levels of imprisonment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The skyrocketing prison population has created a correctional crisis of .
Q5) According to research findings, states with higher have higher prison populations.
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Chapter 19: Race Ethnicity and Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent sociological studies have demonstrated that:
A) employers are hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison.
B) employers are more likely to do a background check on young African American men.
C) young African American men are barred from many forms of employment.
D) employers are both hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison and are more likely to do a background check on young African American men.
Q2) Hispanics and whites are subjected to the criminal justice system at much higher rates than blacks.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Those with a felony conviction are not allowed to vote. This is referred to as:
A) criminal disability.
B) civil death.
C) pervasive disability.
D) disenfranchisement.
Q4) President Barack Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act of , eliminating mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine use by offenders.
Q5) is a difference between groups that can be explained by legitimate factors.
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Chapter 20: The Death Penalty
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Sample Questions
Q1) The last public execution in American took place in Wheeling, West Virginia, on November 17, 1929.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most death penalty defendants are and are provided counsel by the state.
Q3) To try to ensure a more thorough deliberation before imposing the death sentence, legislatures enacted:
A) an oversight committee.
B) a waiting period.
C) a sentencing grid.
D) a two-stage process.
Q4) Insanity is a recognized defense for commission of a crime because mens rea is not present.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The number of states without the death penalty has in recent years.
A) decreased B) remained unchanged C) increased D) stabilized
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Chapter 21: Community Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) Locations with a substantial concentration of crime are known as .
Q2) The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with: A) winning.
B) offenders.
C) victims.
D) safety.
Q3) Community justice attempts to:
A) apply strategies uniformly.
B) tailor strategies individually.
C) apply strategies based on funding.
D) tailor strategies to the law.
Q4) List and discuss the main arguments that both favor and do not favor the use of community justice strategies. How have these arguments impacted its implantation and usage in the United States? In your opinion, should be continue to invest in community justice programs? If so, which ones and why?
Q5) Crime mapping identifies where the problem of crime is most concentrated.
A)True B)False
Q6) is when certain neighborhoods have very high numbers of arrests and of people going to prison.
Page 23
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Chapter 22: American Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Crime rates are the lowest they have been in a generation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Random field trial
A)Interacting with clients to change their behavior
B)Corrections is divided against itself
C)Problem of attraction and motivation
D)Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
E)Focusing on prisons
F)Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
G)Expectations and goals
H)Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
I)Achieves correctional goals through technology
J)Disproportionately affected minority group members
Q3) Discuss what is meant when it is said that corrections has an ambiguous mission. What role does a mission play? How does this ambiguity affect the system? What does the public want from the system? What do offenders want? What do victims want? Communities? Discuss whether or how these desires can be reconciled.
Q4) The growth of the American correctional system has affected minority group members.
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