Pathophysiology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Pathophysiology is the study of the functional and physiological changes in the body that result from disease or injury. This course explores the mechanisms underlying the onset, progression, and clinical manifestations of a variety of illnesses by examining alterations at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Students will learn to connect basic principles of anatomy and physiology with their pathological counterparts to better understand diagnostic findings and therapeutic approaches. Emphasis is placed on common conditions affecting major body systems and how these disruptions lead to symptoms observed in clinical practice, preparing students for advanced studies in healthcare and clinical medicine.
Recommended Textbook
Urinalysis and Body Fluids 6th Edition by Susan King Strasinger
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15 Chapters
1057 Verified Questions
1057 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Safety and Quality Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Plexiglas shields are used in the laboratory when urine tube specimens are being:
A) Sorted according to lab
B) Uncapped for analysis
C) Centrifuged for analysis
D) Observed for color characteristics
Answer: B
Q2) Proficiency testing should be performed:
A) When control results exceed the confidence limits
B) By personnel performing the tests routinely
C) By the laboratory supervisor only
D) During an accreditation site inspection
Answer: B
Q3) Obtaining the same result after testing the same specimen three times is called test:
A) Reliability
B) Quality control
C) Precision
D) Accuracy
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Introduction to Urinalysis
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52 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A urine specimen for reagent strip glucose analysis can be preserved using all of the following methods except:
A) Refrigeration
B) Boric acid
C) Sodium fluoride
D) Commercial tablets
Answer: C
Q2) Failure to empty the bladder before beginning the collection of a timed urine specimen will:
A) Cause falsely increased results
B) Affect the preservation of glucose
C) Cause falsely decreased results
D) Adversely affect culture results
Answer: A
Q3) All of the following are components of normal urine except:
A) Urea
B) Chloride
C) Amino acids
D) Creatinine
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Renal Function
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tests should be used to determine the ability of the kidneys to respond to filtrate osmolality?
A) Free water clearance
B) Fishberg test
C) Urine-to-plasma osmolality
D) p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test
Answer: A
Q2) To provide an accurate measure of renal blood flow,a test substance should be:
A) Filtered by the glomerulus
B) Reabsorbed by the tubules
C) Secreted by the distal convoluted tubule
D) Cleared on each contact with functional renal tissues
Answer: D
Q3) Using the information provided,calculate the creatinine clearance.
A) 50 mL/min
B) 85 mL/min
C) 105 mL/min
D) 110 mL/min
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical Examination of Urine
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61 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Squamous epithelial cells
A)Significant
B)Nonsignificant
Q2) Which of the following urine colors and causes match?
A) Red-carotene
B) Dark yellow-porphyrins
C) Black-melanin
D) Green-pyridium
Q3) White blood cells
A)Significant
B)Nonsignificant
Q4) Bilirubin
A)Amber
B)Green
C)Pale yellow
D)Black
E)Red
F)Dark yellow
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Chemical Examination of Urine
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The reagent strip reaction that should be read last is the:
A) Nitrite
B) Bilirubin
C) Protein
D) Leukocyte esterase
Q2) Which of the following results is not typical of a urine specimen from an uncontrolled diabetic?
A) Positive ketones
B) Positive glucose
C) Increased specific gravity
D) High pH
Q3) The type of protein that precipitates at 60°F and dissolves at 100°F is a/an:
A) Abnormal protein associated with urinary tract infection
B) Abnormal protein associated with hemolysis
C) Abnormal globulin associated with multiple myeloma
D) Normal serum albumin-type protein
Q4) Ascorbic acid will bind with diazonium salts.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Microscopic Examination of Urine
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Broad casts may form as a result of:
A) Extreme urinary stasis
B) Strenuous exercise
C) Increase in loss of amino acids
D) Dehydration
Q2) Focus light on the specimen
A)Condenser
B)Oculars
C)Diopter adjustment knob
D)Rheostat
E)Nose piece
Q3) Oval fat bodies are:
A) Squamous epithelial cells that contain lipids
B) Renal tubular epithelial cells that contain lipids
C) WBCs that have phagocytized lipids
D) People who fail to work out regularly
Q4) When changing magnification using a parfocal microscope,focusing is performed using the coarse adjustment knob.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Renal Disease
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient with symptoms of pulmonary hemoptysis and urinary hematuria should be tested for:
A) Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody
B) Antistreptolysin O antibody
C) Antistreptococcal antibody
D) Anti-IgM antibody
Q2) Causes of acute renal failure can include all of the following except:
A) Malignancy
B) Goodpasture syndrome
C) Acute tubular necrosis
D) Renal calculi
Q3) The pronounced edema associated with nephrotic syndrome is related to the:
A) Lipidemia
B) Hypoalbuminemia
C) Decreased glomerular filtration rate
D) Lipiduria
Q4) Patient with positive blood cultures for Staphylococcus aureus
A) Prerenal
B) Renal
C) Postrenal
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Urine Screening for Metabolic Disorders
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84 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An employee reports a negative nitroso-napthol test on a suspected case of tyrosyluria.
A) Perform an Ehrlich test
B) Collect a blood sample for MS/MS testing
C) Request a new urine specimen
D) Perform an Acetest
Q2) Based on the information provided,what screening test should be performed on this specimen?
A) p-nitroaniline
B) DNPH
C) Nitroso-naphthol
D) Both B and C
Q3) Urine from a child suspected of having lead poisoning has a red fluorescence under Wood's lamp.This finding is:
A) Inconsistent with lead poisoning because porphobilinogen does not fluoresce
B) Consistent with lead poisoning because coproporphyrin fluoresces under ultraviolet light
C) Consistent with lead poisoning only if uroporphyrin is also increased
D) Consistent only if protoporphyrin can be demonstrated using Ehrlich reagent
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the information provided,calculate the IgG index for this patient.
A) 0.94
B) 1.07
C) 2.1
D) 3.0
Q2) The CSF circulates through the brain and spinal cord in the:
A) Arachnoid mater
B) Choroid plexuses
C) Dura mater
D) Subarachnoid space
Q3) Based on the information provided,which laboratory value is not needed to aid in the diagnosis?
A) CSF albumin
B) CSF IgG
C) Serum albumin
D) CSF WBC count
Q4) Bacterial antigen tests have replaced the Gram stain as the method of choice for detecting meningitis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Semen
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67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) To determine if a questionable specimen is semen,the specimen should be tested for:
A) Alkaline phosphatase
B) Acid phosphatase
C) DNA
D) Citrate and zinc
Q2) Using a 1:20 dilution of a specimen with a volume of 4 mL,30 sperm are counted in two large squares (WBC)of the Neubauer hemocytometer.
A) 1.5 million/mL and 6 million/specimen
B) 3 million/mL and 12 million/specimen
C) 6 million/mL and 24 million/specimen
D) 30 million /mL and 120 million/specimen
Q3) A sperm motility report graded 2.0 is interpreted as:
A) Average motility and Brownian movement
B) Slow forward motility with noticeable lateral movement
C) Slow forward motion in a straight line
D) Abnormal motility with normal direction
Q4) Based on the information provided,is the sperm count on this specimen normal?
A) Yes
B) No
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Synovial Fluid
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following diseases are frequently associated with joint disorders except:
A) Lyme disease
B) Tuberculosis
C) Lupus erythematosus
D) Rheumatoid arthritis
Q2) Synovial fluid viscosity is caused by the presence of filtered serum proteins.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Based on the information provided,what classification of arthritis is indicated by these results?
A) Noninflammatory
B) Inflammatory/crystal-induced
C) Septic
D) Hemorrhagic
Q4) In the Ropes' or mucin clot test,normal synovial fluid:
A) Forms a solid clot when added to hyaluronidase
B) Forms a solid clot when added to glacial acetic acid
C) Forms a friable clot when added to hydrochloric acid
D) Does not form a clot when added to glacial acetic acid
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Chapter 12: Serous Fluid
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Sample Questions
Q1) A milky pleural fluid that stains strongly positive with Sudan III indicates:
A) Thoracic duct leakage
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Malignancy
D) Chronic inflammation
Q2) Which statement best describes a pleural fluid as an exudate rather than a transudate?
A) Fluid-to-serum LD ratio is less than 0.6
B) Fluid-to-serum protein ratio is less than 0.5
C) WBC count is greater than1000
D) Fluid-to-serum cholesterol ratio is greater than 0.3
Q3) The test performed on peritoneal lavage fluid is the:
A) RBC count
B) WBC count
C) Amylase
D) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Q4) Based on the information provided,is this fluid a transudate or exudate?
A) Transudate
B) Exudate
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Chapter 13: Amniotic Fluid
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52 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the information given,what additional test could be performed if the alpha fetoprotein is elevated?
A) Phosphatidyl glycerol
B) Lamellar body
C) Acetylcholinesterase
D) Optical density
Q2) The most frequent concern of premature delivery is underdevelopment of the:
A) Liver
B) Kidneys
C) Nervous system
D) Lungs
Q3) Which of the following fetal lung maturity test results correlate?
A) L/S ratio: 1.0, surfactant/albumin ratio: 80
B) L/S ratio: 2.5, foam stability index: 43
C) L/S ratio: 2.2, surfactant/albumin ratio: 75
D) L/S ratio: 1.5, foam stability index: 49
Q4) Production of both lecithin and sphingomyelin increases after 35 weeks gestation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Fecal Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Crystals seen in a stool after it has been mixed with acetic acid,Sudan III stain,and heated may be composed of:
A) Neutral fats
B) Fatty acids
C) Cholesterol
D) Fatty acid soaps
Q2) When performing microscopic examination of a stool for muscle fibers,the structures that are counted:
A) Are coiled and stain red
B) Contain no visible striations
C) Have vertical and horizontal striations
D) Have horizontal striations and stain blue
Q3) Shigella dysentery
A) Osmotic diarrhea
B) Secretory diarrhea
C) Altered motility
Q4) A stool that appears black and tarry may be associated with bismuth ingestion.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Vaginal Secretions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A vaginal pH value of 6.0 could indicate which of the following conditions?
A) Normal condition
B) Bacterial infection
C) Yeast infection
D) Increased estrogen production
Q2) A vaginal fluid was collected from a 25-year-old female that showed the following results: appearance is pink with flocculent discharge,pH is 3.9,whiff test is negative,many Gram-positive rods,clue cells are absent.What is your interpretation of these results?
A) Patient has a possible bacterial infection
B) Patient has a possible yeast infection
C) Patient is normal and is menstruating
D) Patient has a possible Trichomonas infection
Q3) Which of the following specimen handling combinations is incorrect?
A) Trichomonas: room temperature
B) N. gonorrhoeae: room temperature
C) Herpes simplex virus (HSV): room temperature
D)C. trachomatis: refrigerated
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