Pathophysiology and Therapeutics
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the underlying mechanisms of disease processes in the human body and examines the rationale behind various therapeutic interventions. Students will develop an integrated understanding of how disruptions in normal physiology lead to clinical manifestations across major organ systems, with emphasis on common diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and endocrine disorders. The course also addresses the pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies used in disease management, encouraging students to link basic scientific principles with clinical applications. Through case studies and evidence-based approaches, learners will gain the foundational knowledge necessary for effective decision-making in patient care.
Recommended Textbook
Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology 3rd Edition by Bruce J. Colbert
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Chapter 1: General Pharmacologic Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) The potency of a drug is best described as:
A)An affinity of the drug for a particular receptor site.
B)The degree in which the drug can be cleared from the body.
C)The route of the drug.
D)The amount of drug required to produce the response desired.
Answer: D
Q2) As a drug increases in selectivity to a particular cell or tissue,the less useful it becomes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) For a drug to be excreted from the body,it has to be metabolized so that it is water soluble.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The _______________ name of a drug is the name assigned by the United States Adopted Name (USAN)Council.
Answer: generic
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Chapter 2: The Metric System and Drug Dosage
Calculations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient who is 5-feet-10 inches tall is how many centimeters tall?
A)286 cm
B)32 cm
C)154 cm
D)178 cm
Answer: D
Q2) The use of body surface area (BSA)is an appropriate method to determine a patient's overall size.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) A solute can either be a liquid or a solid that is dissolved in a liquid.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q4) Weight is measured as ____________ or ________________ in the metric system.
Answer: grams or kilograms
Q5) The metric system of measurement is based on the __________________. Answer: powers of 10 Page 4
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Chapter 3: Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Drugs that antagonize the sympathetic response would be classified as all of the following except:
A)Antiadrenergics.
B)Sympatholytics.
C)Beta blockers.
D)Muscarinics.
Answer: D
Q2) Catecholamines are adrenergic agents such as ________________. Answer: dobutamine,dopamine,epinephrine,isoproterenol,or norepinephrine
Q3) The somatic nervous system is responsible for:
A)Skeletal muscle movement.
B)Cardiac muscle control.
C)The digestive process.
D)Involuntary muscle control.
Answer: A
Q4) The CNS is comprised of the ____________ and the ____________. Answer: brain/spinal cord
Q5) The branch of the ANS responsible for fight-or-flight reactions is the ________________ branch.
Answer: sympathetic
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Chapter 4: Medicated Aerosol Treatments
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Sample Questions
Q1) An aerosol particle that is smaller than 0.5 microns will penetrate to the lower airways where it is needed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Patients who are prescribed inhaled corticosteroids should be instructed to do which of the following to prevent an opportunistic oral infection?
A)Have routine throat cultures to detect an oral infection.
B)Use prophylactic antifungal medication.
C)Decrease the dosage if signs of infection occur.
D)Rinse the mouth and throat with mouthwash or water after inhalation of the corticosteroid.
Q3) While on a routine home visit,a patient informs you that he has not used his MDI for 2 weeks and asks if the medication is still good.You should tell the patient to:
A)Discard the MDI canister.
B)Use the MDI as instructed.
C)Prime the valve before use.
D)Call his physician for help.
Q4) Mucolytics can be administered by nebulization and by ____________.
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Chapter 5: Bronchodilators
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Q1) ________________ is a catecholamine with alpha and beta effects that is used in the treatment of upper airway edema.
Q2) Stimulation of beta<sub>2</sub> receptors causes smooth muscle ________________ in the lungs,resulting in ________________.
Q3) The advantages of drug administration via the inhalation route include: I.Immediate onset of action at the desired site.
II)Smaller required doses.
III)Increased systemic drug absorption.
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I only
Q4) An increase of cyclic GMP at cellular level causes smooth muscle relaxation,resulting in bronchodilation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Can a patient be prescribed more than one beta agonist bronchodilator simultaneously?
Q6) The therapeutic range for theophylline is ____________.
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Chapter 6: Mucokinetics and Surfactants
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most cost-effective and readily available means of maintaining mucokinetics is with which of the following agents?
A)Mucomyst
B)Normal saline
C)Water
D)Sodium bicarbonate
Q2) The use of bland aerosols aids in mucous clearance by restoring the gel layer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) You are called to the emergency room to administer a bland aerosol treatment to a patient for sputum induction.Which of the following agents would you select for its effect in producing irritation and cough?
A)Sterile water.
B)Normal saline.
C)Hypertonic saline.
D)Hypotonic saline.
Q4) Explain the two types of therapeutic approaches to surfactant administration for a premature infant with respiratory distress.
Q5) ________________ aerosols dilute mucus by altering its water content.
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Chapter 7: Anti-Inflammatory and Antiasthmatic Agents
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Q1) Intranasal corticosteroids can take ________________ weeks to become beneficial in decreasing nasal congestion.
Q2) All of the following function as a natural defense to inhaled foreign material except:
A)Lymphocytes.
B)Antigens.
C)Macrophages.
D)Antibodies.
Q3) The difference between mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids is that:
A)Mineralocorticoids minimize salt-retention activity.
B)Glucocorticoids increase sodium and water reabsorption.
C)Mineralocorticoids affect carbohydrate,protein,and fat metabolism.
D)Mineralocorticoids are useful for their anti-inflammatory activity.
Q4) Tapered doses of exogenous pharmacologic corticosteroid drugs are used to do which of the following?
A)Reduce the release of glucose
B)Allow time for the body to regain internal regulation of endogenous corticosteroids
C)Reduce stimulation of the hypothalamus
D)Increase adrenal suppression
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Chapter 8: Anti-Infective Agents
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Sample Questions
Q1) All except which of the following pertain to aminoglycosides?
A)They are used in serious gram-negative infections.
B)They are ototoxic and nephrotoxic.
C)They have a narrow therapeutic index.
D)They should be administered only intravenously.
Q2) Although approved by the FDA for faster susceptibility testing,_______________ are unable to detect certain types of bacterial resistance patterns.
Q3) Common pathogens that cause respiratory infections include all the following except:
A)Group A Streptococcus.
B)Streptococcus epidermidis.
C)Haemophilus influenza.
D)Gram-negative rods.
Q4) Vancomycin is indicated for the treatment of chronic infections caused by gram-positive microorganisms.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How are bacteria in a sputum sample identified in the laboratory?
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Chapter 9: Cardiac Agents
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following drugs used for heart failure must be shielded from heat or light to maintain stability?
A)Nesiritide
B)Nitroglycerin
C)Nitroprusside
D)Milrinone
Q2) Carvedilol (Coreg)is an example of:
A)An angiotensin II receptor blocker.
B)A beta blocker.
C)A beta agonist.
D)A diuretic.
Q3) Drugs that affect the force of contraction are referred to as _______________.
Q4) Intravenous nitroprusside increases afterload and preload.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Pharmacologic agents used to treat shock include all of the following except:
A)Verapamil.
B)Dopamine.
C)Epinephrine.
D)Vasopressin.
12
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Chapter 10: Blood Pressure and Antithrombotic Agents
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Q1) A hypertensive agent that blocks alpha<sub>1</sub> receptors in both arterioles and veins is:
A)Catapres.
B)Cardura.
C)Inderal.
D)Tenormin.
Q2) Which of the following classes of diuretics should be considered for a patient who has low levels of calcium?
A)Thiazides
B)Loop diuretics
C)Potassium-sparing agents
D)Calcium-channel blockers
Q3) Which of the following thrombolytics is classified as a non-fibrin-specific agent?
A)Alteplase
B)Reteplase
C)Streptokinase
D)Tenecteplase
Q4) Antihypertensive agents that affect alpha and beta receptors are referred to as
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Chapter 11: Neuromuscular, sedative, anesthetic, and Analgesic Agents
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Q1) _______________NBMAs stimulate nonselective cholinergic receptors causing parasympathetic responses.
Q2) Of the following,which NMBA would provide the longest duration and an onset of less than 5 minutes?
A)Norcuron
B)Mivacron
C)Anectine
D)Pavulon
Q3) Inhaled anesthetics are used to rapidly induce a state of unconsciousness in a predictable way.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When acetylcholine is released into the synapses of skeletal muscles,contraction can take place only when which of the following is present?
A)Sodium
B)Calcium
C)Potassium
D)Chloride
Q5) Drugs that reduce CNS arousal are classified as ________________.
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Chapter 12: Therapeutic Medical Gases
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Q1) Oxygen therapy alone does not help improve conditions that cause a right-to-left shunt.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Left-to-right shunt occurs when blood leaves the right heart and bypasses a portion of the pulmonary circulation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The physiologic responses in inhaled nitric oxide include all except which of the following?
A)Produces pulmonary vasodilation
B)Decreases pulmonary vascular resistance
C)Improves ventilation/perfusion ratio
D)Decreases systemic blood pressure
Q4) ________________ oxygen systems provide enough flow to meet all of the patient's ventilatory demands.
Q5) Helium/oxygen mixtures have been shown to be beneficial with _______________ airway obstructions.
Q6) PaO<sub>2</sub> represents the measure of oxygen that is
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Chapter 13: Pharmacologic Management of Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease: Asthma, chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema
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Q1) Leukotriene inhibitors have no established use in patients with
Q2) According to the NAEPP guidelines,what must a respiratory therapist remember when using the treatment algorithm in the management of asthma?
Q3) The primary cause of COPD includes which of the following conditions?
A)Exposure to tobacco
B)Alpha<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency
C)Environmental pollution
D)Exposure to allergens
Q4) Which of the following characteristics of obstructive pulmonary diseases distinguish asthma from COPD?
A)Inflammation involving cellular and chemical mediators
B)Airway narrowing and reversibility
C)The presence of airway hyperreactivity
D)Ongoing wheezing,breathlessness,and cough
Q5) An increase in the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest is typically seen only in patients with emphysema.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why is it recommended to use nicotine replacements with Zyban? Page 16
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Chapter 14: Pharmacologic Treatment of Respiratory
Infectious Disease
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Q1) Antimicrobial regimens for sinusitis should continue _______________days after signs and symptoms improve.
Q2) The first-line therapy used to treat otitis media in children over the age of 3 is _______________.
Q3) A patient who has been mechanically ventilated in the ICU for 2 weeks following thoracic surgery is diagnosed with health care-associated pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to routine treatment.The recommended drug therapy is:
A)Erythromycin.
B)Fluoroquinolone.
C)Aminoglycosides.
D)Vancomycin.
Q4) Aspiration pneumonia that is not treated with antibiotics is:
A)Pneumonia due to exposure to stomach acid.
B)Community-acquired aspiration pneumonia from gram-positive anaerobes.
C)Hospital-acquired aspiration pneumonia from a gram-negative pathogen.
D)Pneumonia caused by aspiration of oropharyngeal organisms.
Q5) Antibiotics that should be avoided in children are ________________ and ________________.
Q6) Of what should a typical tuberculosis treatment regimen consist? Page 18
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Chapter 15: Medications for Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support
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Q1) All except which of the following are indications for beta blockers?
A)Suspected myocardial infarction
B)AV heart block
C)Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia
D)Unstable angina
Q2) Lidocaine is no longer the first-line antiarrhythmic drug used to treat ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following cardiac agents is also administered for allergic anaphylactic reactions?
A)Atropine
B)Dopamine
C)Epinephrine
D)Metoprolol
Q4) What advantage does diltiazem have compared to verapamil?
Q5) _______________ is administered for heart failure that is refractory to diuretics,vasodilators,and conventional inotropic agents.
Q6) Why is ventricular fibrillation life threatening,and how is it treated?
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