Organizational Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Organizational Psychology explores the scientific study of human behavior within workplace settings, focusing on individual, group, and organizational dynamics. The course examines topics such as motivation, leadership, team development, job satisfaction, decision-making, diversity, and organizational culture. Students will analyze how psychological theories and principles can be applied to improve employee well-being, productivity, and overall organizational effectiveness. Through case studies and practical applications, learners will gain insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by organizations and develop strategies to foster healthy, high-performing work environments.
Recommended Textbook
Applied Social Psychology 3rd Edition by
Jamie A. Gruman
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17 Chapters
989 Verified Questions
989 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Defining the Field of Applied Social Psychology
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66 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) With respect to the AIDS epidemic,the contributions of applied social psychologists are most likely to be reflected in
A) the development of effective medical treatments
B) declines in the number of people newly infected with HIV
C) declines in AIDS-related deaths
D) increases in people living with HIV
Answer: B
Q2) The text cites research evidence pointing to factors that contribute to the development of negative intergroup attitudes.Evidence regarding which possible causal factor was NOT cited?
A) exposure to news reports
B) prior experience with diverse others
C) the nonverbal behavior of adults
D) identification with one's national in-group
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Social Psychological Theory
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Q1) Festinger (1957)derived a number of intriguing hypotheses from cognitive dissonance theory.One dissonance-producing situation is effort justification.There are two others that have received a lot of academic attention.List the other two,and explain all three.
Answer: 1.Post-decisional dissonance.With post-decisional dissonance,dissonance almost always exists after a decision has been made between two or more alternatives. 2.Effort justification.With effort justification,dissonance almost always exists when a person engages in an unpleasant activity to obtain some desirable outcome.
3.Insufficient justification.With insufficient justification,dissonance almost always exists after a successful attempt has been made to elicit overt behavior that is at variance with private opinion by offering a reward that is just sufficient to elicit the overt behavior.
Q2) Social psychological theory serves many functions,three of which include organization,application,and scope.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Research Methods in Applied Social Psychology
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Q1) In a postscript,the authors of Chapter 3 ("Research Methods in Applied Social Psychology")cite the results of a study in which participants imagined a positive interaction with a stranger (Crisp & Turner,2009)and a study in which participants completed an IQ test (Maier,Elliot,& Lichtenfeld,2008).These studies were mentioned as a means of illustrating
A) instances in which deception may be justifiable given the potential scientific value of the research
B) the nonobviousness of experimental findings
C) the practical benefits of applying a mixed-methods approach
D) a study that is high in ecological validity and one that is low in ecological validity
Answer: B
Q2) As discussed in the text,decisions concerning how to conduct research in applied social psychology are made on the basis of three research dimensions: method of data collection,method of statistical analysis,and research question.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Intervention and Evaluation
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Q1) Research has highlighted that incorporating theory in the design of interventions is both valuable and beneficial.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In comparing policy and intervention,the text suggests
A) interventions refer to general courses of action, whereas policies refer to more specific actions
B) social policies represent the sine qua non of applied social psychology
C) the path from social psychological knowledge to policy formation is less direct than is the path from social psychological knowledge to the development of interventions
D) the path from social psychological knowledge to policy formation is more direct than is the path from social psychological knowledge to the development of interventions
Q3) During the process of evaluating an intervention,a needs assessment must be conducted to determine whether the evaluation is necessary.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name and describe the two main types of program evaluation.
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Chapter 5: Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology
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Q1) Outlined in the text are two popular types of errors made in clinical decision making,false negative and false positive.Distinguish between both.
Q2) A series of studies by Catalino,Furr,and Bellis (2012),which tested the ideas behind self-presentation theory,suggested that social anxiety is,in fact,produced by
A) self-presentation motivation but not social self-efficacy
B) social self-efficacy but not self-presentation motivation
C) neither social self-efficacy, nor self-presentation motivation
D) both social self-efficacy and self-presentation motivation
Q3) The term hopelessness depression refers to a unique type of depression.Describe how this differs from clinical depression by outlining the main symptoms.
Q4) Qualitative research is an ideal method to understand the experience of psychological illness as it privileges the meanings that individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define the psychological disorder referred to as loneliness,and describe the two main types outlined in the text.
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Chapter 6: Applying Social Psychology to Sports Teams
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Q1) Based on research by Eys,Patterson,Loughead,and Carron (2006),the text outlines four main principles of team goal setting.List these principles,and outline the stages.
Q2) The authors of Chapter 6 ("Sports")suggest that the difficulties encountered by the rowing team profiled in the opening vignette were due primarily to issues related to ______.
A) role clarity
B) role performance
C) role ambiguity
D) role acceptance
Q3) In the example provided by Eccles and Tenenbaum (2007),they suggest two strategies for optimizing communication among teams.These include
A) developing a shared language and cross-training
B) cross-training and increased communication
C) developing a shared language and silent training sessions
D) silent training sessions and cross-training
Q4) Team confidence and team goal setting are two core aspects of team dynamics.Describe these features in detail.
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Chapter 7: Applying Social Psychology to the Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many different factors can cause a person to be aggressive.A behavior is said to be overdetermined when it has one cause.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research by Moy and Pfau (2000)has shown that people who watch TV,read newspapers,and/or listen to politically oriented radio broadcasts are
A) more cynical of government
B) less cynical of government
C) sometimes more and sometimes less cynical of government
D) not affected by them
Q3) Research has shown that people who watch a lot of media violence are
A) less likely to engage in risky behavior because they have observed the risks
B) less likely to engage in risky behavior because they have vicariously experienced the consequences as a result of watching TV
C) more likely to engage in risky behavior
D) less likely to engage in risky behavior because of the heightened fear of getting caught
Q4) Identify five effects of long-term exposure to nonviolent pornography.
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Chapter 8: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Q1) In 2010,Nemme and White conducted a study to examine university students' intentions to text while driving.Their study extended the theory of planned behavior by observing that two norms,not usually included in the theory,influenced students' intentions to text.Which of the following was one of the norms that Nemme and White found affected these intentions?
A) moral norm
B) intentional norm
C) objective norm
D) formed norm
Q2) Exaggerated fear reactions to such health risks as H1N1,SARS,and mad cow disease are likely to occur under certain conditions.What is NOT mentioned in the chapter on health (Chapter 8)as one of the conditions?
A) lack of control over risk exposure
B) proximity (geographic closeness) of the risk
C) severity of the potential harm
D) novelty of the risk
Q3) Describe the health belief model,and list its components.
Q4) Describe the transtheoretical model of behavior change,and briefly describe each stage.
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Chapter 9: Applying Social Psychology to Education
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Q1) Perceived similarity with others and perceived lack of control over one's performance are factors that can negatively affect ______.
A) upward social comparisons
B) downward social comparisons
C) all forms of social comparisons
D) downward social mobility
Q2) According to a review of the literature on school violence,which of the following is NOT accurate?
A) Males are more likely than females to be involved in school violence.
B) Bullying is most common in elementary school and then decreases in middle school.
C) About one third of students aged 12 to 18 report being bullied at school.
D) Students who bring guns to school tend to identify themselves as gang members.
Q3) What is the relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement?
A) Academic self-concept causes academic achievement.
B) Academic achievement causes academic self-concept.
C) Academic self-concept is unrelated to academic achievement.
D) Academic self-concept and academic achievement are reciprocally related.
Q4) Explain what is meant by the term self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Chapter 10: Applying Social Psychology to Organizations
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Q1) ______ models state that job satisfaction results from complex interactions between personal dispositions and environmental (job)characteristics.
A) Job interaction
B) Personal disposition
C) Person-fit
D) Social information processing
Q2) As outlined in Hackman and Oldham's (1976)job characteristics model,______ refers to the degree to which a person can see his or her work through from beginning to end.
A) task significance
B) task completion
C) task identity
D) task difficulty
Q3) In the ______ perspective of communication,the locus of communication is the shared meaning that develops between or among the parties involved.
A) mechanistic
B) psychological
C) interpretative symbolic
D) nonverbal
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Applying Social Psychology to the Criminal Justice System
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Q1) According to the authors of Chapter 11 ("Criminal Justice System"),Dishion,Spracklen,Andrews,and Patterson's (1996)research on antisocial socialization of adolescents had questionable ______ validity.
A) internal
B) predictive
C) construct
D) ecological
Q2) The process by which the peers of a life-course persistent adolescent reinforce antisocial behavior is referred to as ______.
A) delinquency socialization
B) deviancy training
C) criminal inoculation
D) vicarious criminalization
Q3) Generic prejudice refers to a juror believing that there is such strong community sentiment supporting a particular outcome of the case that his or her ability to decide the case impartially based on the evidence becomes compromised in favor of the perceived normative attitude.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Applying Social Psychology to the Community
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Sample Questions
Q1) The bystander nonintervention effect is thought to occur partly as a result of a phenomenon known as ______.
A) diffusion of responsibility
B) conformity pressures
C) cognitive dissonance
D) lack of education
Q2) The ecological perspective refers to the idea that
A) biologically speaking, people are closely related to fish
B) conservation of natural resources can produce psychological health
C) community activities such as gardening can promote psychological health
D) the fit between people and their environments can contribute to a sense of community
Q3) Community psychologists mainly utilize quantitative research strategies so as to conduct quick thorough research.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain what is meant by social justice,and describe how community psychologists advocate for social justice through research.
Q5) Explain what is meant by the term intersectionality.
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Chapter 13: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Q1) As for other psychologists,the work of environmental psychologists can be grouped into which two branches?
A) pure and applied
B) basic and advanced
C) pure and advanced
D) experimental and applied
Q2) Chapter 13 ("Environment")reports a study involving renovation efforts in a psychiatric hospital (Wagner et al.,1989)and one involving renovation efforts in a college classroom (Sommer & Olsen,1980).These studies are cited as providing examples of design changes that achieve what goal of social design?
A) increased user satisfaction
B) improvements in user behavior
C) increased feelings of personal control
D) increases in social support opportunities
Q3) Two ways in which environmental psychologists work to improve the physical environment are physical design and community space.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the defensible space theory.
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Chapter 14: Applying Social Psychology to Diversity
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Q1) During a business meeting,Peter tells Mary that she looks good in the suit she is wearing.According to Glick and Fiske (1996)this could be interpreted as ______.
A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) ambivalent sexism
D) racist sexism
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the origins of prejudice?
A) cognitions, such as stereotypes
B) motivations, such as those involved in the theory of relative deprivation
C) evolutionary processes, involving processes related to securing scarce resources
D) emotional processes, such as those involved in liking certain desserts
Q3) Research on social axioms examines culture from a unique perspective.How is culture examined from this perspective?
A) by looking at "what is" (beliefs or understandings)
B) by looking at "what should be" (values)
C) by looking at "what exists" physically in the culture
D) by looking at "what is within" (subcultures within the larger culture)
Q4) Describe the theory of relative deprivation.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Personal Relationships
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Q1) In individualistic cultures,where community cooperation is valued more than individual distinction,a potential mate is especially prized for practical virtues,such as possessing money and household management skills.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The physical attractiveness stereotype means that
A) physically unattractive people are unlikely to get promoted at work
B) physically attractive people are generally better employees than are physically unattractive people
C) physically attractive people are perceived to have positive qualities while unattractive people are perceived to have negative qualities
D) physically attractive people are perceived to have negative qualities while unattractive people are perceived to have positive qualities
Q3) Separation distress refers to attention focused on the lost other and extreme discomfort at that person's inaccessibility.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify three attachment styles associated with infants.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to the Classroom
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Q1) Which of the following is true?
A) Depressed people tend to be more accurate than nondepressed people with respect to evaluating their abilities.
B) Research on the self-serving bias suggests that most of us view our abilities and talents through rose-colored glasses.
C) According to the principle of the self-serving bias, we have a tendency to attribute our negative outcomes to internal causes (e.g., our traits or characteristics) but to attribute our positive outcomes to external causes.
D) If people see an internal reason (e.g., reward or punishment) for their behavior, they may view the behavior as controlled by the external reason (i.e., the reward or punishment) rather than see it as extrinsically appealing.
Q2) Chapter 16 ("Classroom")discusses three forms of self-perception.Explain how two of the three self-perceptions may affect students in the classroom environment.
Q3) Explain social categorization,and identify two forms of bias associated with this cognitive error.
Q4) Explain what is meant by the overjustification effect.
Q5) Differentiate between individualism and collectivism.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Good Life: Balancing Optimism and Pessimism
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Q1) Research suggests that optimism and pessimism are
A) unrelated
B) two ends of a single continuum
C) distinct systems that exist on two independent poles
D) dominant in allocentric individuals
Q2) Hart and Sasso (2011)identify four broad themes that define the subject matter of concern to positive psychology.What theme does optimism fall under?
A) resilience and positive coping under adverse conditions
B) character, strengths, and virtues
C) developmental process of self-actualization and personal growth
D) subjective happiness and life satisfaction
Q3) In addition to the theme of positive personality traits,Hart and Sasso (2011)identified three themes that define the content of the field of positive psychology.Which below is NOT a theme?
A) objective happiness and positive life circumstances
B) subjective happiness and life satisfaction
C) the developmental process of self-actualization and personal growth
D) resilience and positive coping under conditions of adversity
Q4) Differentiate between internal and external attributions.
Page 19
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