Organizational Behavior
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Organizational Behavior explores the principles and dynamics that shape individual and group conduct within organizations. This course examines key topics such as motivation, leadership, communication, decision-making, team dynamics, organizational culture, and change management. By integrating psychological and sociological perspectives, students gain insight into how personal attitudes and behaviors influence organizational effectiveness. Through case studies and practical examples, the course prepares students to analyze behaviors within diverse workplace environments and develop strategies to enhance productivity, collaboration, and overall organizational health.
Recommended Textbook Group Dynamics 7th Edition by Donelson R. Forsyth
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Group Dynamics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Studies suggest that groups substantially influence their members.
B)Many people live their entire lives without being a part of a group.
C)Ancient peoples were more individualistic rather than group-centered.
D)Very little is known about groups and their processes.
Answer: A
Q2) According to the McGrath's model of group tasks,the four basic group goals are generating,choosing,negotiating,and executing.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) Essentialism is the belief that all things-including individuals and groups-have a basic nature that makes them what they are and distinguishes them from other things.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Studying Groups
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Q1) Observational measurement methods involve asking group members to describe-often through surveys-their personal observations of group activities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Groupthink is a scientifically verified method for increasing a group's creativity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Ruth took the Group Process Skill Inventory (the GPSI)on October 10th.If she got the same score when she took the GPSI again on October 20th,her responses would suggest that the test
A)is valid.
B)is reliable.
C)has adequate internal integrity.
D)possesses adequate structure.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Inclusion and Identity
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Because stereotypes are negative,people avoid applying stereotypes about their group to themselves.
B)Stereotypes,if they cause stereotype threat,can become self-fulfilling.
C)People are more disturbed by threats to their collective self-esteem than the personal self-esteem.
D)People,when stereotyped,experience a decline in self-esteem.
Answer: B
Q2) An evolutionary perspective on groups assumes that
A)humans acquire their social tendencies through learning and experience.
B)seeking membership in groups by humans developed through evolution.
C)the fittest animal is the one that is most aggressive.
D)helping other people is rarely adaptive.
Answer: B
Q3) Communal relationships are typified by a concern for the group rather than personal gain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Formation
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Q1) Rupert is opposed to his government's involvement in a foreign war.He is more likely to join an organize movement protesting the war if he is:
A)angered by his government's actions.
B)uncertain that he is doing the right thing.
C)inexperienced in working with others in groups.
D)socially anxious.
E)somewhat,but not extremely,shy.
Q2) Think of groups that you have joined in the past.How have those experiences with past groups affected your willingness to join groups now?
Q3) Donald decides that he wants to do more for the group.He starts helping other people by taking on some of their work and organizing fund raisers.Donald is providing ___ support for the group and its members.
A)exploitation
B)emotional
C)informational
D)instrumental
E)spiritual
Q4) In what ways to groups support their members?
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Chapter 5: Cohesion and Development
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Q1) Summarize the methods used and findings obtained by the Sherifs in their study of cohesion in small groups of boys at a summer camp.
Q2) The group you are leading seems apathetic,and members do not work well together.What methods could you use to increase their cohesiveness?
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Most researchers currently agree that cohesion refers to attraction to the group,not attraction to individual members.
B)Increases in attraction to the group as a whole increases a group's cohesion,but increases to specific individuals in the group lowers a group's cohesion.
C)Social cohesion is multileveled: it includes attraction to individuals and attraction to the group as a whole.
D)Only relatively small groups (fewer than 50 members)can develop the strength of association among members to become cohesive.
Q4) Drawing on meta-analytic findings,explain the causal relationships between cohesion and performance in task-focused groups over time.
Q5) What is group cohesion?
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Chapter 6: Structure
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Q1) Use SYMLOG theory to describe the structure of the characters in the book The Wizard of Oz (Dorothy,Toto,The Scarecrow,the Tin Man,etc. ).
Q2) Within all groups,communication networks vary in number but not in structure: each member communicates with other members.
A)True
B)False
Q3) SYMLOG offers a comprehensive analysis of group structure based on variations in roles,status,and attraction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Pluralistic ignorance occurs when group members assume their reaction is unique and out-of-step with the group and so keep their opinions private.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How would you go about creating a pro-achievement norm in a group of school children who are not currently interested in their studies?
Q6) How is a role in a group like a role in a play? How do they differ?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Influence
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Q1) The decision favored by majority of the jury taken on the very first ballot is the final decision over 60% of the time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Asch is to ___ as Moscovici is to ___.
A)majority;minority
B)empirical;theoretical
C)innovation;democratic
D)humanistic;objective
E)European;American
Q3) Conversion theory,developed by Moscovici,suggests that the impact of a minority on the majority is more indirect,but may more enduring,than the impact of a majority on the minority.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Using the concept of idiosyncrasy credits,explain how groups would react to a a)deviant: b)leader,c)older member,and d)new member.
Q5) Compare and contrast implicit,informational,normative,and interpersonal influence,and give an example of each.
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Chapter 8: Power
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Q1) Edwina is the only woman in a work group.She has many good ideas,but the group members ignore them.How would expectations-states theory explain her dilemma? What would you tell Edwina to do to improve the situation?
Q2) Reward power decreases if
A)the reward offered is highly valued.
B)group members are dependent on the powerholder.
C)the powerholder's promises are credible.
D)other individuals can also deliver the reward.
E)any of the circumstances listed here occur.
Q3) In a group I belong to,members do things for me because of our friendship,and I have built strong positive relationships with the members of the group.I have ___ power in this group.
A)informational
B)referent
C)coercive
D)expert
E)legitimate
Q4) Explain why some individuals rise to positions of authority and others do not.
Q5) Is there any truth to the expression "Power corrupts"?
Q6) Critique the Milgram studies on scientific and on ethical grounds.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Leadership
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of leadership is most like transformational leadership?
A)transitional
B)laissez-faire
C)transactional
D)charismatic
Q2) The babble effect is the tendency to make simple ideas too complicated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is consistent with the prototype matching hypothesis?
A)I believe that leaders should be assertive,agentic,task-oriented,and dominant.
B)I expect leaders to be tall,so tend to more readily follow the lead of tall people.
C)I believe that leaders should be accommodative,empathic,and supportive of others.
D)I expect leaders to be agentic,so I follow the lead of supportive,warm,and relational leaders.
E)I believe that men make better leaders than women do.
Q4) A social observer once said that "leaders don't need to be book smart,but people smart." What did this insight mean?
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Chapter 10: Performance
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Q1) Select and defend one of current theory of social facilitation,supporting your points with evidence drawn from empirical studies of performance when alone and with others.
Q2) Drive theory predicts social facilitation occurs even when there is no interaction between the actor and observer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Köhler effect documents how the most productive individuals will continue being the most productive individuals only if they are rewarded for their performance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When people are distracted,they perform even simple tasks more poorly.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss at least three different studies that have tested the basic question: Does the presence of other people facilitate or inhibit performance.
Q6) What makes eating such a socially complicated process?
Q7) How do free riding and the sucker effect influence social loafing?
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Chapter 11: Teams
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Q1) Which list correctly sequences the four levels of team self-management identified by Hackman,from least autonomous to most autonomous?
A)self-managing,self-designing,manager-led,self-governing
B)manager-led,self-managing,self-designing,self-governing C)manager-led,self-designing,self-managing,self-governing D)self-governing,self-managing,self-designing,self-monitoring E)self-monitoring,self-managing,self-governing,self-designing
Q2) People turn to groups to perform tasks
A)when the task is beyond the skills and resources of a single person.
B)when the consequences of poor performance would be catastrophic.
C)when the task is so complex that it can only be successfully performed through integrated action.
D)in all the circumstances listed here.
Q3) When should you form a team to perform a task instead of attempting it on your own?
Q4) Use the concept of team learning to explain the teams studied by Pisano,Bohmer,and Edmondson (2001).
Q5) How would you measure the intelligence of a group (collective intelligence)?
Q6) Are men's teams more cohesive,and therefore stronger teams,than women's teams?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Decision Making
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Kennedy's advisors experienced so much social loafing that they did not exert sufficient effort.
B)The individuals on the committee lacked the skills they needed to work in groups.
C)Kennedy did not exert enough authority during the discussions.
D)The Bay of Pigs planners made a series of errors in judgment.
E)The Bay of Pigs invasion would have exceeded if not for the bad weather.
Q2) Describe a study that could be done to test whether groups make better decisions than individuals do on intellective and judgmental tasks.
Q3) The shared information bias occurs when group's members withhold,and do not discuss,information that only they possess.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Groupthink is
A)an increase in conformity pressures in mobs.
B)a decision making method used to facilitate creativity.
C)a pooling-of-information method of group problem solving.
D)the deterioration of mental and group efficiency.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Conflict
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Q1) The professor tells her students that she gives out grades based on ranks.The 10% of the students with the best grades get As,the next 20% get Bs,and so on.She is using a(n)___ goal structure.
A)autocratic
B)individualistic
C)democratic
D)competitive
E)cooperative
Q2) When two or more group members join forces to overwhelm one or more other group members,
A)a coalition has formed.
B)the group becomes more unified.
C)the group usually dissolves.
D)a third party mediator is needed.
Q3) Anger is a means of communicating one's displeasure to other group members.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast soft,hard,and principled negotiation styles.
Q5) Summarize the methods used and results obtained by Deutsch and Krauss in their "trucking game" experiment.
15
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Chapter 14: Intergroup Relations
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Q1) The members of the minimal groups Tajfel and Turner created to study social categorization processes
A)were usually good friends.
B)disliked one another prior to the study's start.
C)interacted intensively before distributing the money.
D)knew practically nothing about of the other members of their group.
E)were told that the members of the outgroup were "bad" and undeserving.
Q2) Hobbes believed that humans are,by nature,violent,whereas Rousseau believed humans,in their pristine state,are gentle.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify theories of intergroup conflict that suggest disputes between groups are inevitable,and contrast them with theories that are more optimistic.
Q4) The concept of a conflict spiral describes
A)increased physical arousal that occurs during conflict.
B)increasingly negative exchanges between parties in conflict.
C)reciprocal misperceptions that occur during conflict.
D)the relationship between conflict and intergroup contact.
E)a method for resolving conflict.
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Chapter 15: Groups in Context
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Q1) Cross-cultural studies of personal space needs suggest that in warmer places people need less space in the social zones but more space in the intimate zone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Drawing on studies of people's perceptions of places,which of the following does not fit with the others?
A)activation
B)tense
C)gloomy
D)aroused
E)astonished
Q3) Group ecology is the extent to which the group takes steps to protect and sustain environmental resources by not polluting and recycling.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Use Wicker's concept of staffing to describe the dynamics of an understaffed and overstaffed group,and members reactions to these staffing levels.
Q5) Compare and contrast personal space,group space,and territoriality.
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Chapter 16: Growth and Change
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Q1) Rosseta learns to express her positive and negative feelings by watching Edwina talk to the group,for Edwina is very emotionally expressive.This change illustrates A)observational learning. B)insight.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)altruism.
E)transference.
Q2) What would be the advantages and disadvantages of having two therapists leading a change group (one man and one woman)?
Q3) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Unlike other therapies,psychoanalysis cannot be conducted in a group setting.
B)Freud and his students may have constituted one of the earliest therapy groups.
C)Psychoanalytic group therapy concentrates on current behaviors rather than one's family history.
D)Psychoanalytic group therapy focuses on experiencing emotions fully.
Q4) Compare a "here and now" focus to a "then and there" focus,being sure to give examples.
Q5) Compare Freud's concepts of group psychotherapy to the humanistic approach.
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Chapter 17: Crowds and Collectives
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Q1) Use McPhail's crowd observation system to describe the behavior of individuals during a sporting event.
Q2) You read about a group of people who riot after a soccer match.After studying collective behavior,you conclude
A)group processes,such as conformity and intergroup dynamics,likely triggered the incident.
B)the group probably went mad.
C)the group was probably normless.
D)the members were like deindividuated.
Q3) As ___ theory suggests,the social movement in Egypt succeeded,in part,because its leaders developed a coherent guiding message that they communicated skillfully to constituents.
A)resource mobilization
B)framing
C)contagion
D)convergence
Q4) What causes collectives to panic,and what steps can be taken to prevent overcrowding disasters?
Q5) Summarize Zimbardo's (1969)theory of deindividuation.
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