Organismal Biology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Organismal Biology is a comprehensive study of the structure, function, diversity, and evolution of living organisms, with a focus on whole organisms and their adaptations to different environments. The course explores the major groups of living organisms including plants, animals, fungi, and protists examining their anatomy, physiology, life cycles, and interactions with one another and their ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on understanding how evolutionary processes have shaped the complexity and diversity of life forms, as well as the ecological roles organisms play. Students will engage with comparative studies to appreciate the unity and variation among living beings, providing a foundation for further studies in biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Animal Diversity 7th Edition by Cleveland P Hickman
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913 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Science of Zoology and Evolution of Animal
Diversity
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47 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inbreeding tends to decrease the probability that rare recessive traits will be seen in the following population.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The law of stratigraphy states that the oldest fossils will be found at the bottom of a layer of rock.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by A)Darwin and Lyell.
B)Darwin and Wallace.
C)Darwin and Malthus.
D)Darwin and Lamarck.
Answer: B
Q4) All of the alleles of all genes possessed by members of a population collectively form the ___________.
Answer: gene pool
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Animal Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The energy accumulated by plants less that used in respiration is the ____________.
Answer: net productivity
Q2) Two species of caterpillar feed on the same species of corn.Upon close inspection,the two insects are found to be feeding on different parts of the corn,the root and the stem.Such observations led us to believe that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time,a principle called A)keystone species.
B)succession.
C)competitive exclusion.
D)ecological dominance.
E)commensalism.
Answer: C
Q3) When severe floods reduce the production of the land in China,"N" in the logistic growth formula will change.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Animal Architecture
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Sample Questions
Q1) A small shrew moving a given distance will bear a lesser energy cost per gram of body weight compared to the energy cost per gram of body weight in a horse moving the same distance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The main supportive material in arthropods,nematodes,and annelids is A)loose connective tissue only.
B)bone.
C)cartilage.
D)cuticle.
Answer: D
Q3) A very small animal will have a larger surface area to volume ratio compared to a larger animal with the same shape.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Extracellular fluids are divided into blood plasma,interstitial fluid,and ________________.
Answer: lymph
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Chapter 4: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The family-level classification of anthropoid primates violates the principles of cladistic taxonomy because
A)the Hominidae is not monophyletic.
B)the Pongidae is not monophyletic.
C)the Hominidae is not a valid adaptive zone.
D)the orangutans are closer to humans than to gorillas in violation of their family-level taxonomy.
Q2) Two different taxa are termed sister groups if they share common ancestry with each other more recently than either one does with any other organisms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Unlike ancestral character states,variant forms of characters that arose later within the group are named ____________ character states.
Q4) Character states that are found in a study group but are absent from an outgroup are defined as ancestral characters.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Unicellular Eukaryotes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the nitrogenous wastes in unicellular eukaryotes are eliminated by diffusion through the cell membrane.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Some species in the genus ___________ of Kinetoplastans cause serious disease in humans and domestic animals.
Q3) Foraminiferans are protozoans that form complex,many-chambered tests composed of _________.
Q4) Malaria is transmitted by __________,which inject (name the stage)_____________ when they bite.
Q5) A sporozoean parasite of cats that can cause birth defects in humans is called ___________.
Q6) After phagocytosis,the food particle is held in a food vacuole or
Q7) A complex life cycle including merozoites and sporozoites is found in the parasitic apicomplexans.
A)True
B)False
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Q8) A holozoic protozoan ingests food particles by the process of
Chapter 6: Sponges: Phylum Porifera
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Sample Questions
Q1) The flagellated cells embedded in the mesoglea of a sponge are called ______________.
Q2) The simplest body plan of sponges is _____________,and the plan characterized by flagellated canals is _______________.
Q3) Gemmules are an adaptation of freshwater sponges to withstand adverse environmental conditions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many of the more complex groups of animals are the evolutionary descendants of sponges.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The most complex body organization,and the one that makes largest size possible,is known as ______________.
Q6) The leuconoid body type makes possible large body size in sponges.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Internal buds of some species of freshwater sponges that can withstand adverse conditions are _____________________.
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Chapter 7: Cnidarians and Ctenophores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most typical habitat of cnidarians is the shallow,warm ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The function of rhopalia is
A)digestive.
B)respiratory.
C)food capture.
D)sensory.
Q3) Digestion in cnidarians is
A)intracellular only.
B)extracellular only.
C)both extracellular and intracellular.
D)none of these
Q4) Sea anemones and corals lack
A)a sexual stage.
B)an asexual stage.
C)a polyp stage.
D)a medusa stage.
Q5) The tall secretory cells around the pedal disc and mouth of Hydra are the ___________ cells.
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Chapter 8: Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa:
Flatworms, Gastrotrichs, Gnathiferans, and Mesozoans
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Sample Questions
Q1) Free-living flatworms have A)ocelli.
B)tactile cells.
C)chemoreceptors.
D)all of these
Q2) Rotifers
A)are primarily marine.
B)are dioecious.
C)lack an excretory system.
D)lack a digestive tract.
Q3) All pseudocoelomate organisms have a complete digestive tract.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Asexually reproducing stages of digeneans in their snail hosts are the _______________ and ___________________.
Q5) Eggs of rotifers that are unfertilized and develop parthenogenetically only into females are described as _________,while those that undergo meiosis and are haploid are ___________.
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Q6) Turbellarians have rod-shaped ____________ in the epidermis which produce mucous.
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Chapter 9: Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa: Cycliophora, Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Phoronida, and Nemertea
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ribbon worms differ from the flatworms in having A)an incomplete digestive tract.
B)protonephridia.
C)a true circulatory system.
D)a nervous system.
Q2) Ribbon worms are
A)carnivores.
B)nearly all marine dwellers.
C)nonparasitiC.
D)all of these
Fill in the Blank Questions
Q3) The cystid is the body wall of the ectoproct zooid,together with its
Q4) The valves of brachiopods are
A)secreted by the mantle.
B)both dorsal and ventral.
C)hinged in some with a tooth-and-socket arrangement.
D)all of these
Page 12
Q5) A lophophorate phylum that is primarily marine,but also has some freshwater members is _____________.
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Chapter 10: Molluscs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In coelomate animals,the coelom
A)develops as a secondary cavity within the mesoderm.
B)is filled with fluid.
C)can serve as a hydrostatic skeleton.
D)all of these
Q2) Most molluscs are found in fresh water,but a few live in the ocean or on land.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Opisthobranchs that have no shell or true gill are commonly known as ____________.
Q4) Most cephalopods can move by a kind of jet propulsion by expelling water through their _____________.
Q5) The molluscs are the second most diverse phylum known.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Concerning reproduction in Bivalvia,
A)they tend to be hermaphroditic.
B)fertilization is usually external.
C)development is direct (no larva).
D)the adult stage is called a glochidium.
Page 14
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Chapter 11: Annelids and Allied Taxa
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Sample Questions
Q1) Class Errantia is a _____________ taxon because ancestral oligochaetes arose from the polychaete clade.
Q2) Errantia have more highly developed sense organs than earthworms.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Errantia have separate sexes,but the earthworms and leeches are hermaphroditic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The following characteristics are typical of annelids:
A)segmentation,open circulation,and nephridiA.
B)segmentation,closed circulation,and nephridia.
C)no anus,nephridia,and coelom.
D)nephridia,coelom,and open circulation.
Q5) Members of the ____________ usually have a flattened proboscis that cannot be retracted into the trunk.
Q6) Annelids transport food,wastes,and respiratory gases via their circulatory system and the tracheal system.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 12: Smaller Ecdysozoans
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tardigrades
A)are mostly marine.
B)have jointed legs.
C)have a cuticle.
D)appear to be closely related to kinorhynchs.
Q2) Nematodes have circular muscles,but no longitudinal muscles in their body wall.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Infective juveniles of hookworms gain access to a host by penetration of the ___________.
Q4) The entire forepart of the body of a loriciferan can be withdrawn into the ________________.
Q5) Nematodes have a fluid-filled pseudocoel that serves as a _____________ skeleton.
Q6) Caterpillar-like animals found in humid,mostly tropical habitats belong to the phylum ___________.
Q7) Most male nematodes bear a pair of _________________ at their posterior end to aid in insemination of the female.
Q9) Adult Ascaris worms are found in the host's ______________. Page 16
Q8) Filarial worms (Wuchereria and Brugia)are transmitted by _____________.
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Page 17
Chapter 13: Arthropods
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Sample Questions
Q1) The centipedes are herbivorous,but the millipedes are active predators.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____________ is a condition in which parasitic insects are themselves parasitized by other insects.
A)Social parasitism
B)Mutualism
C)Hyperparasitism
D)Commensalism
Q3) The Diplopoda (millipedes)
A)bear two pairs of legs on most body segments.
B)feed on insects.
C)are more active than centipedes.
D)live in fresh water.
Q4) Wing muscles of insects are termed indirect if they are attached to the wing itself.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Wings of butterflies,order _______________,are covered with minute scales.
Q6) The phylum _____________ may be the sister taxon to arthropods.
Page 18
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Chapter 14: Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fossil record indicates crinoids are more numerous now than during prehistoric times.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The function of the papulae in the sea star is
A)respiration.
B)excretion.
C)reproduction.
D)digestion.
Q3) The echinoids
A)have five long,slender arms.
B)are enclosed in a test.
C)do not have tube feet.
D)have open ambulacral grooves.
Q4) Combinations of characteristics only found in the Phylum Echinodermata are ossicles,water-vascular system,and pedicellarie.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) The Class ______________ have internal respiratory trees and can eject Cuvierian tubules for defense.
Chapter 15: Vertebrate Beginnings: the Chordates
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Sample Questions
Q1) In both tunicates and cephalochordates,the ventral side of the pharynx contains a ciliated,mucus-secreting groove,the ____________.
Q2) Vertebrate animals have
A)an endoskeleton.
B)a notochord at some stage of the life cycle.
C)a ventral heart.
D)all of these
Q3) Pikia,the earliest known chordate collected from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia,closely resembles A)amphioxus.
B)living sessile tunicates.
C)the ammocoete larva.
D)an adult larvacean.
Q4) The bony fishes currently are divided into two groups: the _______________ and the ____________________.
Q5) Vertebrates differ from other chordates because they have a brain case.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Of the four chordate hallmarks,adult tunicates have only one,the ____________.
Page 20
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Chapter 16: Fishes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ammocoetes is the larval form of a A)hagfish.
B)bony fish. C)lamprey.
D)lungfish.
Q2) The ray-finned fishes are the most numerous and advanced bony fishes. A)True B)False
Q3) Swim bladders would be expected to be present in A)most surface-dwelling fish. B)fish like flounders. C)fish living in the abyssal zone. D)tunas.
Q4) The lateral line system of sharks contains special receptor organs,called __________,that are sensitive to vibrations and currents in water.
Q5) The propulsive mechanism of a fish is A)its trunk and tail musculature. B)the movement of water in the mouth and out the gills. C)the movement of the front fins.
D)all of these
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Chapter 17: The Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some salamanders have neither lungs nor gills.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The mud puppy Necturus
A)does not have gills.
B)does not have a tail.
C)is a permanent larva.
D)lives on lanD.
Q3) ____________ are carnivorous in both the adult and larval stages.
A)Salamanders
B)Toads
C)Frogs
D)Caecilians
Fill in the Blank Questions
Q4) The frogs and toads are the most familiar but least numerous amphibians.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Frogs and toads belong to the order ________,a name that means "without a tail."
Q6) Amphibians typically have webbed feet,but lack _____________ on their toes.
Q7) The frog heart has two atria and a single,undivided ___________.
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Chapter 18: Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____________ were a group of duck-billed ornithischians,which lived in herds.
Q2) Amniotes having a skull with two temporal openings are called ___________.
Q3) Reptiles have internal fertilization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Like most amphibians and birds,reptiles lack a copulatory organ.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Death due to a neurotoxic snake bite is caused by internal bleeding.
Multiple Choice Questions
A)True
B)False
Q6) The tuatara belongs to the ___________.
Q7) The scientific name of the worm lizards,Amphisbaenia,describes one characteristic of the way they move.
A)True
B)False
Page 23
Q8) The Squamata is divided into three subgroups: the snakes,the Amphisbaenia and the ____________.
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Chapter 19: Birds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Birds typically molt their feathers in the fall,right before migration.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Newly hatched birds that are covered with down and are active within a short time after hatching are called _____________.
Q3) The nervous system contributes to the success of birds as flying animals because of
A)the well-developed integrative center of the brain that controls eating,singing,and flying.
B)the well-developed center used to coordinate movement and balance.
C)the well-developed optic lobes.
D)all of these
Q4) Flightless birds
A)tend to be small.
B)have a well-developed sternum.
C)have well-developed pectoral muscles.
D)typically live on islands.
Q5) Most paleontologists agree that birds descended from a lineage of dinosaurs called
Q6) The large breast muscle that depresses the wing during flight is the _________.
Page 24
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Chapter 20: Mammals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The four kinds of teeth that are generally recognized in mammals are molars,premolars,canines,and ___________.
Q2) The Neanderthals belong to the genus ________________.
Q3) _____________ are hunted and killed for their horn,which is believed erroneously to be an aphrodisiac.
Q4) In some nonruminant herbivores,such as rabbits and horses,the fermentation chamber for cellulose breakdown is a large diverticulum of the gut called the _____________.
Q5) Some northern-dwelling mammals molt to blend in with the changing color of the environment.
A)True B)False
Q6) Delayed ____________ in many mammals is a mechanism by which gestation is postponed after mating.
Q7) The only therapsid group which survived to enter the Mesozoic was the A)cynodonts.
B)pelycosaurs. C)sphenacodontines. D)theropods.
Page 25
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